Lateral branch vascularization: its circularity and its relation to anisophylly

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2577-2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Larson ◽  
Jennifer H. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
The Third ◽  
Organizational Pattern ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Lower Stem

The vasculature of elongating lateral branches of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. was examined to determine how vascular continuity was attained around the entire branch circumference. In a previous study it was found that a pair of original bud traces (A, A′) gave rise to three pairs of bud traces in sequence (a, a′; b, b′; g, g′) that vascularized the axillary bud; the original bud traces then continued upward in the main stem axis. In this study we demonstrated that the lower, abaxial part of the branch cylinder was vascularized by derivatives of the first pair of bud traces (a, a′), the lateral parts primarily by derivatives of the second pair of bud traces (b, b′), and the upper, adaxial part by derivatives of the third pair of bud traces (g, g′). Thus, the organizational pattern for branch vascularization was established during the earliest stages of axillary-bud initiation. Leaves on all lateral branches were anisophyllous; the condition was related to the position of leaves in the phyllotactic array and to their vascularization. The smallest leaves always occurred on the upper branch side and their central traces were diverted upward in the main stem vascular cylinder. The largest leaves were usually on the lower stem side and their central traces were diverted downward. Some first-formed leaves were falcate, and the lateral traces serving the suppressed sides of their laminae were also found to be diverted upward in the main stem axis. It was suggested that both the small anisophyllous and the falcate leaves might result from a lower nutritional status because of their upward-directed leaf traces.

Interaction between lateral branch growth and pod set in primary inflorescences of lupin

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Porter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Branch Growth ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Lateral Branches

In Lupinus angustifolius, L. luteus and L. mutabilis, flower formation and pod set were largely independent of the basal lateral branches. Partial or complete removal of lateral branches near the primary inflorescence increased the number of flowers formed and pods set. Flower formation was unaffected by most of the experimental treatments and was most closely correlated with the main-stem leaf area in L. angustifolius and L, mutabilis. Loss of leaf area from the main stem reduced flower formation and pod set more in L. mutabilis than in L. angustifolius. Leaves on lateral branches did not contribute significantly to flower formation or pod set in the presence of main-stem leaves, but could compensate for losses of main-stem leaves in L. mutabilis, especially when the upper lateral branches were intact and actively growing. Removal of all growing points from the upper lateral branches enhanced pod set. These findings suggest that crop management can increase pod set on primary inflorescences in lupin crops that have limited water in early summer, by bringing about a temporary restriction in upper lateral branch growth during the pod-setting process. It is concluded that the effect of lateral branch growth is more significant in the control of pod set in lupin species than the autonomous control by abscisic acid.

Xylary union between elongating lateral branches and the main stem in Populus deltoides

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1040-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Larson ◽  
David G. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Leaf Trace ◽  
Primary Xylem ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Secondary Vessels

The vasculature of elongating lateral branches was examined to determine how vessels produced in the branch unite with those produced in the main stem axis to form a continuous transport system. In a previous study it was found that differentiation of both primary and secondary xylem in a lateral bud or branch is independent of that in the main axis; i.e., xylem does not differentiate into the bud or branch from the main axis. When serial sections of the nodal region are followed downward, the bud vascular cylinder merges with that of the main axis and the adaxially situated bud traces (those nearest the stem) enter the bud gap margin first. The primary vessels of these bud traces differentiate in an oblique downward path along the margins of the bud gap, and they form radial files of primary vessels that lie adjacent to primary xylem of leaf traces in the stem. Traces situated more abaxially in the bud (those farther from the stem) contribute to other radial files of primary vessels, each of which lies progressively closer to the bud gap. Secondary xylem is initiated in the stem before it is in the branch. Consequently, the last-formed metaxylem vessels of the bud traces are continuous with secondary vessels of the stem. These latter vessels lie in the stem secondary xylem immediately external to primary xylem from the bud. Secondary xylem in the branch is initiated when foliage leaves and internodes mature. Secondary vessels formed in the branch traces are continuous with secondary vessels in the stem; these vessels are embedded in a matrix of fibers. Because cambial activity is more vigorous in the stem than in the branch, two vessels that are radially adjacent in the branch may be widely separated by fibers in the stem. The central trace of the axillant leaf enters the gap immediately below the last branch traces; at this level in the stem the leaf trace vasculature is entirely primary. The stem secondary xylem that overlies the leaf trace is continuous with that in the axillary branch.

scholarly journals Correlations Between Yield and Morphological Characters in Puerto Rican and Columnaris Varietiesof Coffea Arabica L.

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
T. Singh Dhaliwal
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Tree Width ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

The correlations between cherry yield and morphological characters of trees were calculated for 16 samples of Puerto Rican and Columnaris varieties of Coffea arabica L. In the Puerto Rican variety, yield was positively and significantly correlated with circumference of main stem at ground level in all the 11 samples. Yield was also positively and significantly correlated with width of canopy, length of primary lateral branches, and number of nodes per primary lateral branch, in more than half the samples. In the Columnaris variety, cherry yield had a positive and significant correlation with the circumference of the main stem at ground level in all the five samples. Yield also had positive and significant correlation with height of tree, width of canopy, and number of secondary lateral branches per primary lateral branch, in more than half the samples. Circumference of stem at ground level and width of canopy were the main tree characters correlated with yield in both varieties.

scholarly journals Relation of Earliness to Some Plant Characters in the Tomato

1969 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-250
Author(s):  
Agripino Pérez López
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Plant ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Early Variety ◽  
Node Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Lateral Branches

An experiment was conducted to determine the association of certain characters with earliness in the tomato, at the Isabela Agricultural Experiment Substation. Four varieties were included in this study, namely: Earliana, first early; Valiant, second early; Queens, midseason; and Rutgers, late. The information recorded was as follows: 1, Leaf production at weekly intervals; 2, node number at which the first consecutive four-flower clusters appeared on the main stem; 3, percentage of the first four flowering lateral branches originating four leaves below or above the position of the first flower cluster on the main stem; 4, fresh and dry weights of five mature tomato leaves per plant collected from the first and the last plant in each replication; 5, fresh and dry weights of each whole tomato plant that was planted at the beginning and at the end of each replicate; 6, stem diameter two leaves below the first inflorescence; and 7, yield measured in terms of total number and weight of fruits produced. The results of this experiment strongly indicate that earliness is associated with the following characters: 1. High rate of leaf production, i.e., an early variety producing more leaves per unit of time than a late one. 2. Small number of leaves from the cotyledons to the position of the first inflorescence on the main stem. 3. A relatively large number of leaves from the first to the second, and from the second to the third inflorescences on the main stem. 4. Concentration of the first four flowering branches within a relatively small zone on the main stem, a few leaves below or above the position of the first inflorescence. 5. Relatively thin stem. 6. Relatively small leaves.

scholarly journals Effects of pruning on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Mercy variety in The acid soil of North Kalimantan, Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARDHIANA MARDHIANA ◽  
ANKARDIANSYAH PANDU PRADANA ◽  
MUH. ADIWENA ◽  
KARTINA KARTINA ◽  
DWI SANTOSO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Information ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Cultivation Techniques

Mardhiana, Pradana AP, Adiwena M, Kartina, Santoso D, Wijaya R, Maliki A. 2017. Effects of pruning on growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Mercy variety in The acid soil of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Cell Biol Dev 1: 13-17. In recent years, cucumber production in Tarakan, North Kalimantan only reaches 20 tons ha-1. In fact, cucumber production potential could reach 49 tons ha-1. Several factors that limit the low productivity of cucumbers in Tarakan are acid soil and cultivation techniques which are still limited. This study aimed to determine the effect of pruning on the growth and yield of cucumbers in acid soil in Tarakan. The study was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design with the treatment of without pruning (P0), shoot of prunings on the main stem (P1), pruning of whole lateral branches above the third section (P2), and pruning of 2 lateral branches that emerged first above the third section (P4). The results showed that plant height was 16.17% (P1) and 2.26% (P2) lower also 0.13% higher (P3) than the control (P0). The highest number of leaves was found in treatment P1 (16.19%) compared to P0. The best fruit diameter was also found in P1 treatment with 4.93% difference compared to P0. Furthermore, a highly significant and the best result on weight per fruit were also obtained by P1 treatment. The results showed that the fruit weight of P1 treatment (11.39%) was higher than P0. This study provided new information that the pruning treatment of shoots on the main stem of cucumber variety Mercy in acid soil could increase the diameter and weight of cucumber.

scholarly journals Third derivatives of the integrable part of an asteroid Hamiltonian

2007 ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pavlovic
Keyword(s):  
Third Order ◽  
Geometrical Condition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Quasi Convexity ◽  
Explicit Expressions

To apply the theorem of Nekhoroshev (1977) to asteroids, one first has to check whether a necessary geometrical condition is fulfilled: either convexity, or quasi-convexity, or only a 3-jet non-degeneracy. This requires computation of the derivatives of the integrable part of the corresponding Hamiltonian up to the third order over actions and a thorough analysis of their properties. In this paper we describe in detail the procedure of derivation and we give explicit expressions for the obtained derivatives. .

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chlorimuron as a Growth Regulator for Peanut

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Mitchem ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
Roger B. Batts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vine Growth

Abstract Chlorimuron was evaluated as a growth regulator on peanut. Treatments included chlorimuron at a total of 8.8 g ai/ha applied once at 60,75, or 90 d after emergence (DAE) or in equal portions applied twice at 60 and 75, 60 and 90, or 75 and 90 DAE or three times at 60, 75, and 90 DAE. Daminozide at 950 g ai/ha applied 75 DAE was included as a comparison. In a year with excessive vine growth, daminozide and all chlorimuron treatments except 8.8 g/ha applied 90 DAE reduced cotyledonary lateral branch and main stem length at harvest 9 to 20 and 12 to 24%, respectively, due to suppression of internode length. Sequential applications of chlorimuron generally suppressed growth more than single applications. No improvement in row visibility at harvest was noted. In a dry year with limited vegetative growth, neither chlorimuron nor daminozide affected cotyledonary lateral branch or main stem length at harvest. Chlorimuron at 2.9 g/ha applied 60, 75, and 90 DAE reduced yield 18% at one of four locations; no other treatment affected yield. Chlorimuron at 8.8 g/ha applied 60 DAE or 4.4 g/ha applied 60 and 75 DAE reduced the percentage of fancy pods and extra large kernels at one or more locations. No treatment affected the percentage of total sound mature kernels. Results suggest chlorimuron has little to no potential for use as a growth regulator.

About one boundary value problem for the equations of heat and mass transfer with normal derivatives of the third order in the boundary condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Y. Khairullin ◽  
◽  
G. Tulesheva ◽  
A. Shakulikova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Boundary Value Problem ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Boundary Value ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Derivatives Of

V.—Palæontological Notes

1878 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 269-270
Author(s):  
R. Etheridge
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Silver Wire ◽  
Structure Characteristic ◽  
Third Order ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Carboniferous Limestone

1. Arbusculites argentea, P. Murray (Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1831, vol. xi. p. 147).—Under the title, “Account of the Arbusculites argentea, from the Carboniferous Limestone of Inverteil, near to Kirkcaldy, in Fifeshire,” a curious paper was published in 1831, by Dr. P. Murray, of Scarborough. The organisms are described as “very delicate vermiform bodies, in fragments of different lengths, shining with metallic lustre, neither articulated nor cellular, and resembling broken bits of silver wire.” The author adds, “It would appear to have been an attached Mollusc, dichotomous at first, but afterwards sending out lateral branches, moderately tapering, and with very distant and obscure (if any) articulations, grooved longitudinally, and composed of a bright silvery cortical case, and a solid axis of carbonate of lime. … It differs decidedly from the Crinoidal animals, which are regularly articulated; and varies nearly in the same degree from the Corallines, etc., by not displaying the cellular structure characteristic of that family.” Dr. Murray ultimately places this fossil amongst the Corallines, selecting for it a provisional resting-place in the third order of the first class of Lamouroux.

The Branchless Gene C lbl in Watermelon Encoding a Terminal Flower 1 Protein Regulate S the Number of Lateral Branch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junling Dou ◽  
Huihui Yang ◽  
Dongling Sun ◽  
Sen Yang ◽  
Shouru Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Lateral Branches

Abstract Lateral branching is one of the most important traits, which directly determines plant 27 architecture and crop productivity. Commercial watermelon has the characteristics of multiple 28 lateral branches, and it is time-consuming and labor costing to manually remove the lateral 29 branches in traditional watermelon cultivation. In our present study, a lateral branchless trait was 30 identified in watermelon material W CZ, and genetic analysis revealed that it was controlled by a 31 single recessive gene, which named as Clbl . A bulked segregant sequencing (BSA seq) and 32 linkage analysis was conducted to primarily mapping of Clbl on watermelon chromosome 4 33 Next-generation sequencing aided marker discovery and a large mapping population consisting of 34 1406 F 2 plants was used to further mapped the Clbl locus into a 9011 bp candidate region which 35 harbored only one candidate gene Cla018392 encoding a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene. Sequence 36 comparison of Cla018392 between two parental lines revealed that there was a SNP detected from 37 C to A in the coding region in the branchless inbred line WCZ , which resulted in a mutation of 38 Alanine (GCA) to Glutamate (GAA) at the fourth exon A dCAPS marker was developed from the 39 SNP locus, which was co-segregated with the branchless phenotype in both BC 1 and F 2 population, 40 and it was also further validated in 152 natural watermelon accessions. qRT PCR and in situ 41 hybridization showed that the expression levels of Cla0 18392 was significantly reduced in the 42 axillary bud and apical bud in the branchless line WCZ Ectopic expression of ClTFL1 in 43 Arabidopsis showed an increased number of lateral branches. The results of this study will be 44 useful for better understanding the molecular mechanism of lateral branch development in 45 watermelon and for the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for new branchless 46 watermelon cultivars.

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