Interaction between lateral branch growth and pod set in primary inflorescences of lupin

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
NG Porter
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Branch Growth ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Lateral Branches

In Lupinus angustifolius, L. luteus and L. mutabilis, flower formation and pod set were largely independent of the basal lateral branches. Partial or complete removal of lateral branches near the primary inflorescence increased the number of flowers formed and pods set. Flower formation was unaffected by most of the experimental treatments and was most closely correlated with the main-stem leaf area in L. angustifolius and L, mutabilis. Loss of leaf area from the main stem reduced flower formation and pod set more in L. mutabilis than in L. angustifolius. Leaves on lateral branches did not contribute significantly to flower formation or pod set in the presence of main-stem leaves, but could compensate for losses of main-stem leaves in L. mutabilis, especially when the upper lateral branches were intact and actively growing. Removal of all growing points from the upper lateral branches enhanced pod set. These findings suggest that crop management can increase pod set on primary inflorescences in lupin crops that have limited water in early summer, by bringing about a temporary restriction in upper lateral branch growth during the pod-setting process. It is concluded that the effect of lateral branch growth is more significant in the control of pod set in lupin species than the autonomous control by abscisic acid.

Lateral branch vascularization: its circularity and its relation to anisophylly

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2577-2591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip R. Larson ◽  
Jennifer H. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
The Third ◽  
Organizational Pattern ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Lower Stem

The vasculature of elongating lateral branches of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. was examined to determine how vascular continuity was attained around the entire branch circumference. In a previous study it was found that a pair of original bud traces (A, A′) gave rise to three pairs of bud traces in sequence (a, a′; b, b′; g, g′) that vascularized the axillary bud; the original bud traces then continued upward in the main stem axis. In this study we demonstrated that the lower, abaxial part of the branch cylinder was vascularized by derivatives of the first pair of bud traces (a, a′), the lateral parts primarily by derivatives of the second pair of bud traces (b, b′), and the upper, adaxial part by derivatives of the third pair of bud traces (g, g′). Thus, the organizational pattern for branch vascularization was established during the earliest stages of axillary-bud initiation. Leaves on all lateral branches were anisophyllous; the condition was related to the position of leaves in the phyllotactic array and to their vascularization. The smallest leaves always occurred on the upper branch side and their central traces were diverted upward in the main stem vascular cylinder. The largest leaves were usually on the lower stem side and their central traces were diverted downward. Some first-formed leaves were falcate, and the lateral traces serving the suppressed sides of their laminae were also found to be diverted upward in the main stem axis. It was suggested that both the small anisophyllous and the falcate leaves might result from a lower nutritional status because of their upward-directed leaf traces.

scholarly journals Correlations Between Yield and Morphological Characters in Puerto Rican and Columnaris Varietiesof Coffea Arabica L.

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
T. Singh Dhaliwal
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Tree Width ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

The correlations between cherry yield and morphological characters of trees were calculated for 16 samples of Puerto Rican and Columnaris varieties of Coffea arabica L. In the Puerto Rican variety, yield was positively and significantly correlated with circumference of main stem at ground level in all the 11 samples. Yield was also positively and significantly correlated with width of canopy, length of primary lateral branches, and number of nodes per primary lateral branch, in more than half the samples. In the Columnaris variety, cherry yield had a positive and significant correlation with the circumference of the main stem at ground level in all the five samples. Yield also had positive and significant correlation with height of tree, width of canopy, and number of secondary lateral branches per primary lateral branch, in more than half the samples. Circumference of stem at ground level and width of canopy were the main tree characters correlated with yield in both varieties.

scholarly journals Apical control of xylem formation in the pine stem. I. Auxin effects and distribution of assimilates

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz J. Wodzicki ◽  
Krzysztof Rakowski ◽  
Zofia Starck ◽  
Jarosław Porandowski ◽  
Stefan Zajączkowski
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition

The effect of IAA upon cambial activity, xylem differentiation and translocation of assimilates from the lateral shoot was investigated in spring and late summer in decapitated and ring-barked young trees of <em>Pinus silvestris</em> in the forest stand. Decapitation interrupted cambial xylem production in the uppermost part of the main stem of decapitated trees in spring and late summer, regardless of whether lateral branches below were growing, dormant or disbudded, and the contact through phloem with the roots was maintained or severed. Auxin supplied to the decapitated stems caused an increasing stimulation of cambial xylem production in spring. It also stimulated cambial activity in August but was ineffective in September. Apical control of cambial xylem production was strongly dependent upon the continuity of phloem and/or cambial tissues of the decapitated main-stem-section with lower parts of the plant. Decapitation of the stem strongly reduced the daily rate of cell wall deposition in the cambial xylem derivatives which on the day the experiment started constituted the zones of radial enlargement and maturation. This reduction limited progressively secondary wall deposition in consecutive maturing tracheids even though the cells differentiated longer. Irrespective of the season, auxin prevented the effect of decapitation in cells which were already differentiating when the experiment started as well as extension of the maturation phase. The effect of auxin was somewhat reduced when the lateral branches were additionally decapitated in early summer. In early summer auxin caused a significant increase of the daily rate of cell wall deposition in cells of the cambial zone or the newly produced ones, thus resulting in formation of progressively thicker secondary walls. Late in summer assimilates were transported mostly to the lower part of the stem. Decapitation changed the intact tree pattern of assimilate distribution, increasing the transport in spring and reducing it later in the summer. Prevention of the contact with roots via phloem and cambium in spring (by ring-barking the stem at tree base) decreased decapitation-induced downward transport of assimilates. Application of auxin to the decapitated uppermost segment of the main stem resulted in a significant increase of assimilate translocation into the stem. At least two mechanisms of auxin involvement in regulation of the rate of secondary wall deposition in pine stem tracheids can be considered: (a) induction (or activation) of the cell wall metabolic potential which seems to occur during meristematic or early radial enlargement phases of tracheid differentiation, and (b) regulation of substrate availability during the phase of tracheid maturation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Chlorimuron as a Growth Regulator for Peanut

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Mitchem ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
Roger B. Batts
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Vine Growth

Abstract Chlorimuron was evaluated as a growth regulator on peanut. Treatments included chlorimuron at a total of 8.8 g ai/ha applied once at 60,75, or 90 d after emergence (DAE) or in equal portions applied twice at 60 and 75, 60 and 90, or 75 and 90 DAE or three times at 60, 75, and 90 DAE. Daminozide at 950 g ai/ha applied 75 DAE was included as a comparison. In a year with excessive vine growth, daminozide and all chlorimuron treatments except 8.8 g/ha applied 90 DAE reduced cotyledonary lateral branch and main stem length at harvest 9 to 20 and 12 to 24%, respectively, due to suppression of internode length. Sequential applications of chlorimuron generally suppressed growth more than single applications. No improvement in row visibility at harvest was noted. In a dry year with limited vegetative growth, neither chlorimuron nor daminozide affected cotyledonary lateral branch or main stem length at harvest. Chlorimuron at 2.9 g/ha applied 60, 75, and 90 DAE reduced yield 18% at one of four locations; no other treatment affected yield. Chlorimuron at 8.8 g/ha applied 60 DAE or 4.4 g/ha applied 60 and 75 DAE reduced the percentage of fancy pods and extra large kernels at one or more locations. No treatment affected the percentage of total sound mature kernels. Results suggest chlorimuron has little to no potential for use as a growth regulator.

scholarly journals Drought sress and the distribution of vegetative and reproductive traits of a bean cultivar

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abelardo Nuñez Barrios ◽  
Gerrit Hoogenboom ◽  
Dennis Scott Nesmith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Bean Cultivar ◽  
Neutron Probe ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth

Soil water deficits may affect the location and pattern of flower and pod production on different stem axes of a bean plant. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of drought stress on the distribution of flowers and pods on the main stem and on branches of bean plants. The experiment was conducted in a shelter field facility. Water stress was imposed from the end of the vegetative stage to physiological maturity and soil water was measured with a neutron probe every two weeks. Formation of flowers at each node of the main stem was monitored at 44 days after planting (DAP) and formation of pods at 55DAP and 65 DAP. Dry weight of stems and leaves as well leaf area were measured during the middle of the pod filling stage (55DAP). The total number of flowers reached maxima of 32 and 44 flowers per plant for the drought and irrigated treatments, respectively. Number of flowers on branches decreased 50% in the stress treatment when compared to the control. Pod setting was also reduced on the branches of the lower nodes of the main stems. Under drought, the leaf area diminished by 60.1% and 10.4% on branches and main stem, respectively. The field drought conditions of this experiment had a greater effect on the vegetative and reproductive growth of branches as compared to the main stem affecting the final yield.

The Branchless Gene C lbl in Watermelon Encoding a Terminal Flower 1 Protein Regulate S the Number of Lateral Branch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junling Dou ◽  
Huihui Yang ◽  
Dongling Sun ◽  
Sen Yang ◽  
Shouru Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Apical Bud ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Lateral Branches

Abstract Lateral branching is one of the most important traits, which directly determines plant 27 architecture and crop productivity. Commercial watermelon has the characteristics of multiple 28 lateral branches, and it is time-consuming and labor costing to manually remove the lateral 29 branches in traditional watermelon cultivation. In our present study, a lateral branchless trait was 30 identified in watermelon material W CZ, and genetic analysis revealed that it was controlled by a 31 single recessive gene, which named as Clbl . A bulked segregant sequencing (BSA seq) and 32 linkage analysis was conducted to primarily mapping of Clbl on watermelon chromosome 4 33 Next-generation sequencing aided marker discovery and a large mapping population consisting of 34 1406 F 2 plants was used to further mapped the Clbl locus into a 9011 bp candidate region which 35 harbored only one candidate gene Cla018392 encoding a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene. Sequence 36 comparison of Cla018392 between two parental lines revealed that there was a SNP detected from 37 C to A in the coding region in the branchless inbred line WCZ , which resulted in a mutation of 38 Alanine (GCA) to Glutamate (GAA) at the fourth exon A dCAPS marker was developed from the 39 SNP locus, which was co-segregated with the branchless phenotype in both BC 1 and F 2 population, 40 and it was also further validated in 152 natural watermelon accessions. qRT PCR and in situ 41 hybridization showed that the expression levels of Cla0 18392 was significantly reduced in the 42 axillary bud and apical bud in the branchless line WCZ Ectopic expression of ClTFL1 in 43 Arabidopsis showed an increased number of lateral branches. The results of this study will be 44 useful for better understanding the molecular mechanism of lateral branch development in 45 watermelon and for the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for new branchless 46 watermelon cultivars.

scholarly journals Ecophysiology of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) cultivated under different saline and biofertilizer levels

2020 ◽  
pp. 923-931
Author(s):  
Rafael Santiago da Costa ◽  
Letícia Kenia Bessa de Oliveira ◽  
Aiala Vieira Amorim ◽  
Fred Denilson Barbosa Silva ◽  
Albanise Barbosa Marinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Gas Exchanges ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Goat Manure ◽  
Total Seed

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, physiology, and production of cowpea plants grown under different levels of salinity and doses of mixed biofertilizer. The experiment was set in a completely randomized 3 x 4 factorial design, corresponding to three levels of irrigation with saline water (ECw: 0.5, 2.5 and 4.5 dS m-1) and four doses of biofertilizer (0, 800, 1600 and 2400 milliliters - mL), with five repetitions. The biofertilizer was obtained by means of an aerobic process, using a mixture of water, goat manure, and wood ashes, and it was applied in the liquid form, once a week, and directly into the soil. After 70 days, gaseous exchanges were evaluated, and the length of the main stem, the diameter of the stem, and the leaf area were measured. Furthermore, the number of pods produced, mean pod size, total pod weight, total seed weight, hundred seed weight, and yield were estimated. It was observed that the application of mixed biofertilizer promoted increments of 28.98% in leaf area, 32.78% in length of the main stem, and 21.55% in total dry mass. Weekly doses of 1600 mL promoted significant increases in gas exchanges. The application of weekly doses of 1600 mL of mixed biofertilizer promoted growth increases in physiological and productive parameters when the plants were irrigated with saline water up to 2.5 dS m-1, suggesting that the biofertilizer reduces the deleterious effects of salinity.

SEPTORIA CANKER OF INTRODUCED AND NATIVE HYBRID POPLARS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (6) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Bier
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Hybrid Poplars ◽  
Septoria Musiva ◽  
Lateral Branches

Studies have shown that Septoria musiva Peck, a North American fungus which occurs commonly as a leaf-spotting parasite on native poplars, produces cankers, in addition to leaf injury, on certain introduced poplars (Populus Rasumowskyana Schneid., P. Petrowskyana Schneid., and P. berolinensis Dipp.), and the native hybrids, Northwest and Saskatchewan poplar.Field observations and inoculation experiments demonstrated that most of the inoculum for spring infection arises from ascospores of a Mycosphaerella stage, and that the fungus enters the stems through mechanical wounds uninjured lenticels, leaf petioles, or stipules. Incipient cankers occur in the bark of the current year's wood, soon girdling leading and side shoots. They later spread from lateral branches into the main stem, developing into perennial cankers which ultimately girdle and kill the trees.

Lateral branch blocks

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Benjamin K. Homra ◽  
Yashar Eshraghi ◽  
Maged Guirguis
Keyword(s):  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Sacroiliac Joint ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Ultrasound Technique ◽  
Posterior Aspect ◽  
Sacroiliac Joint Pain ◽  
Lateral Branches

The posterior sacral network is a complex meshwork of lateral branches of the dorsal sacral rami that innervate the posterior aspect of the sacroiliac joint. Pain arising from this joint can be diagnostically targeted using either a fluoroscopic or ultrasound technique to determine if the patient would benefit from radiofrequency ablation of the lateral branches. Injecting local anesthetic near the dorsal foramina using these techniques will temporarily block the transmission of pain by the lateral branches from the sacroiliac joint. This chapter covers the anatomy of the posterior sacral network, discusses the details of the two techniques for lateral branch blocks and evidence for their utility, provides information about the risks and contraindications associated with the techniques, and concludes by discussing the implications of the procedure.

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