Analisis Perbandingan Unjuk Kerja Motor Bensin Dengan Penambahan Groundstrap dengan Material Tembaga Dan Perak Pada Kabel Koil Busi

This research aimed to (1) Determining the differences in power and torque to use of a coil standard, a copper, and silver wire ground strap variation coils. (2) Determining the color characteristics of the sparks' size generated from the use of standard coils, variation coils of copper, and silver ground strap. This research used an experimental method. The data analysis technique used descriptive analysis, namely, observing and recording the test results and then concluding in tables and graphs. The test results show that an increase in power, and torque is generated in this test. The highest results were obtained using a silver ground strap variation coil with a power of 11.3 hp and torque of 12.05 Nm. In this case, the percentages are 7.6% and 7.8% from the lowest results of the standard coil. There are different colors, sizes, and characters obtained in the test of sparks. The dark blue-purplish sparks color is obtained from the silver wire ground strap variation coil, which can increase motor performance in a motorcycle. These results suggest that the ground strap on the spark plug coil wire can provide an increment in engine performance.

A few observations on the adornments and dress accessories found in the hoard from Țifești (Vrancea County)

Found by chance in 1912, the hoard from Țifești (in the former Putna County) immediately came to the attention of numismatists. First published in 1915 by Constantin Moisil, it remained in oblivion for a long time, at most barely mentioned in various articles. The beginning of the First World War and the entry of Romania in the middle of these events had, as a consequence, the evacuation of the country’s treasure to Russia. After arriving in Moscow, it was returned to the Romanian state in 1956. The coins of the treasure came from both the Ottoman Empire and Hungary. The Turkish coins (the akçe) were issued during the reigns of Sultans Mehmed the Conqueror (1451 – 1481) and Bayezid II (1481 – 1512). The coins issued in Hungary are from the time of kings Matthias Corvinus (1459 – 1490) and Vladislaus II (1490 – 1516). So far, they have not yet been published in full. The buttons (seven) are manufactured of filigree silver wire wrapped in the shape of a ball. The other two items, manufactured of foil, are dress accessories rather common in the Middle Ages, widely circulated both chronologically and territorially. There are also parts of buttons which are not mentioned in the article published in 1916. The adornments consist of two pairs of silver earrings manufactured in the filigree and granulation techniques. In the case of the items from Țifești, they are dated to the second half of the 15th century.

Badania składu chemicznego oraz technologia wykonania wybranych zabytków ze stopu miedzi

41 artefacts recovered from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Żelazna Nowa were originally selected for archaeometric examination. Of that number, 24 brooches and 13 various objects made from copper alloy were analysed. The choice was dictated by their good state of preservation, allowing for reliable results. The method applied was non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (ED-XRF), using an X-ray spectrometer operating at 45kV. In addition, selected artefacts were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The results of chemical analyses are presented in Tables 11.1 and 11.2, with weight percent values given, while the raw material and technical data are shown in Tables 11.3 and 11.4. The results indicate that among the 24 brooches and their fragments analysed, 16 were made of brass, including eight made of multi-component tin brass, one made of tinlead brass, and one made of tin-silver brass. Among the remaining eight brooches one was made of iron and seven were bronze pieces, including two made of multi-component zinc bronze, one of lead bronze, and one of silver bronze (inv. no. CCXXIII/15). The addition of lead had significant technological impact on the alloys used for creating the brooches. Even in small quantities, even far below 1%, this element improves the castability and workability of the metal. Zinc, in turn, is added to bronzes as a reducing agent, making the alloy self-reducible. This also makes it possible to reduce the contents of phosphorus. Moreover, the addition of zinc to bronze significantly lowers its melting temperature. The remaining alloying additions (apart from elements recorded in trace amounts, like Ag, Sb, and Fe, which naturally occurred in copper alloys) have had no significant impact on the quality of the raw material used for manufacturing the artefacts under discussion. The presence of silver (a few percent) recorded in two brooches (inv. nos XXXIII/15 and CCXXIII/15) indicates they may have originally been silver-plated. Two brooches (inv. nos XCIX/15 and 21/08) were inlaid with silver wire. The first one was cast from tin bronze and adorned with a filigree wire (Fig. 11.1) in the type of a simple braid, made of highquality (92.99%) silver (Fig. 11.2). The silver wire with a diameter of merely 338.38 μm (Fig. 11.3) was produced by drawing through a die, and it was later braided and hammered into grooves previously prepared on the two crests of the brooch. The second brooch, made of iron (inv. no. 21/08), was adorned with silver of a similarly high quality (91.85%). In this case, however, the exposure to fire resulted in complete destruction of the decoration: its traces only remained in a few places in the form of tiny melt-down droplets. It is worth noting the similar standard of silver used as inlays in both brooches. This seems to corroborate the assumption that the standards of silver used in trade were generally similar over larger areas. It is worth noting two brooches which, despite representing different types, are made of chemically very similar alloys (Tables 11.1–3). One (inv. no. CCIX/15) belongs to type A.III.58, while another represents group A.IV (inv. no. CIX/17). This may indicate that both were manufactured in the same workshop. Except for one brooch forged from iron, all the remaining brooches were cast using the lost wax technique (Table 11.3). Cast pieces also prevail among other artefacts, especially those having profiled surfaces (Table 11.4). Examples include a fragment of a J.7 shield grip (inv. no. XVI/15), a belt finial of type “O” (inv. no. CCXLIX/15), and fragments of bracelets with round terminals (inv. nos XIII/15 and LXXXVI/17). The performed raw material analysis of copper alloy artefacts from Żelazna Nowa produced interesting findings. The results confirm that during the Older Roman Period brass artefacts prevailed among small metal dress items in the Przeworsk culture. Among the 37 copper alloy artefacts analysed, as many as 27 (75%) are brass objects. A similar picture was observed in other sites, with a prevalence of brass artefacts recorded in cemeteries such as those in Karczyn/Witowy, Sadłów, and Szarbia.

About vaginostricture in prolapse

In 1893, Freund, Jr. described a new method for uterine prolapse surgery, in which the vagina is narrowed by means of several silver wire ligatures applied in a ring-like manner under the vaginal mucosa.

Artifact-Free Decapsulation of Silver Wire Bonded Semiconductor Devices Using Microwave Induced Plasma

Decapsulation of silver wire bonded packages with known techniques often results in damaged silver wires. The chemical properties of silver and silver compounds make silver bond wire inherently susceptible to etching damage by acid, conventional plasma, and oxygen-based Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP). In this paper we solve this problem by developing a specific decapsulation chemistry, based on a hydrogen-containing MIP, for artifact-free decapsulation of silver wire bonded packages.