The influence of agrotechnical methods on the formation of the harvest of potatoes of the early variety

The article presents the results of research on agrotechnical methods of growing potatoes of the early Meteor variety in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone. To obtain products in the early stages, the following were used: covering materials of various density and light transmission (white and black) 17 g-m-2 and 30 g-m-2, germination of tubers, the influence of the fraction of the planting material on the formation of the crop. The Moscow region is characterized by extreme weather conditions in the early spring period, which often leads to a delay in the development and formation of the harvest of early potato production. For the implementation of research tasks, an early potato variety “Meteor” for table use was used - with good taste and recommended for obtaining ultra-early products. The variety has a high declared yield, resistance to diseases widespread in research conditions. The aim of the research was to obtain an increase in yields without the use of growth stimulants and chemical fertilizers, which is important for the modern buyer. According to the research results, we noted the effect of the covering material in combination with the germination of tubers on the early emergence of seedlings and a long growing season before the first and second harvesting. The maximum difference in yield was noted at 15.07 in relation to the control in variants with a covering material of 17 g-m-2 and 30 g-m -2 in combination with germination, as well as in the variant: tubers of a large fraction in combination with germination that amounted to 27 … 25%. The average increase for the first harvest was noted in variants with a covering material without germination of tubers that amounted to 8 … 11% in relation to the control. When cleaning, the gap between control and options decreased by 2 … 3% compared to the first harvest, and the total yield increased by 5 … 8% in all variants of the experiment in relation to the first harvest.

The growth of entrepreneurial human capital: origins and development of skill variety

Given that recent research on entrepreneurial behavior and success has established skill variety as a central human capital factor, researchers, educators, and policymakers have turned their interest to a deeper understanding of the formation of skill variety. Based on human capital theory and the competence growth approach in developmental psychology (highlighting long-term, age-appropriate, and cumulative skill-growth processes), we hypothesize that a broad, early variety orientation in adolescence is a developmental precursor of such entrepreneurial human capital in adulthood. This was confirmed in an analysis of prospective longitudinal data via structural equation modeling and serial mediation tests. We also find that an entrepreneurial constellation of personality traits, but not entrepreneurial parents, predicts early variety orientation, skill variety, and entrepreneurial intentions. By shedding new light on the long-term formation of entrepreneurial human capital, the results suggest that establishing and benefiting from an early variety orientation is not only an important developmental mechanism in entrepreneurial careers but gives those with an entrepreneurial personality an early head start in their vocational entrepreneurial development. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

The Impact of Cultivation Management and Weed Control Systems of Very Early Potato on Weed Infestation, Biodiversity, and Health Safety of Tubers

The aim of the research was to determine the impact of potato cultivation management and weeding systems on weed infestation and to evaluate the possibility of using biomarkers to assess consumer exposure to herbicide residues in potato tubers. The experiment was carried out in 2016–2018 in Central-Eastern Poland. The subject of research was the very early variety Lord. The experiment was established using the randomized block method in a split-plot design. The first order factor was cultivation management: (A) traditional and (B) under polyethylene sheeting (PE-sheeting) put “on flat”. The second-order factors were weed control systems: (a) mechanical (b) to (d)-chemical. The study determined the degree of damage to crops and weeds, fresh and dry weight of weeds, their number and floristic composition, and herbicide residues in tubers and in the soil. The fresh and dry mass of weeds was most effectively limited by mechanical and chemical treatment with the use of a preparation containing linuron. Managing potato cultivation with PE-sheeting and soil herbicides has proven to be safe for very early potato production. Used for pre-emergence care, the preparation containing linuron did not leave even trace amounts of this active substance in the tubers. The determined amount of the active substance fluorochloridon and clomazone was lower than the Maximum Residue Level (MRL) norm in the EU (European Union). As a result, the adopted, innovative management and weeding control systems in the cultivation of early potato varieties can be considered safe for the consumer.

Formation of productivity of naked oat varieties under different cultivation conditions

The results of studying naked oat yield indicators depending on different sowing dates and seeding rates are presented. The study was carried out in 2016-2020 in a field experiment in Western Siberia. Samples of different groups of the crop ripeness were studied: mid-early variety Gavrosh and mid-ripening variety Ofenya. The duration of the growing season of naked oats was influenced by meteorological factors. There was a tendency observed for a decrease in the duration of interphase periods and the growing season as a whole from an early sowing date to a later one by 4-10 days for the Gavrosh variety and by 8-10 days for the Ofenya variety. The yield of the Gavrosh variety at an early sowing period significantly exceeded the same indicator at a mid-period by 17.6% and at a late period - by 19.0%, of the Ofenya variety - by 10.9% and 16.2%, respectively. The increase in the yield for the early sowing period of the mid-early variety Gavrosh relative to the middle and late sowing dates was determined by a larger grain size (r = 0.6929 ... 0.9535 at R = 0.5140). For the midripening variety Ofenya, the number of productive stems per unit area (r = 0.7444 ... 0.9054 with R = 0.5140) and the weight of 1000 grains (r = 0.5350 ... 0.8297 at R = 0.5140) were of more importance in the years of research on all variants. The most optimal seeding rate for naked oat varieties is 5.0-6.0 million germinating grains/ha. At this rate, it was not the maximum manifestation of individual indicators of the yield structural elements, but a combination of their average values was noted.

Eggplant: improvement of agricultural techniques

Приведены результаты влияния режимов капельного орошения и норм органоминеральных удобрений на продуктивность баклажана при выращивании в сухостепной зоне Терско-Сулакской низменности Республики Дагестан. Цель исследований – разработка приемов агротехники возделывания баклажана, обеспечивающих при уровне предполивной влажности почвы в диапазоне 80–100% НВ и расчетном режиме орошения получение планируемой урожайности не менее 60 т/га высококачественных плодов. Объект исследований – среднеранний сорт баклажана Алмаз. Двухфакторный полевой опыт проводили в 2013–2015 годах на зональных лугово-каштановых среднесуглинистых почвах ОАО «Учебно-опытное хозяйство» (Кировский район Республики Дагестан). Почвы опытного участка характеризовались невысоким содержанием гумуса – 1,9%, средней обеспеченностью легкогидролизуемым азотом – 49 мг/кг почвы, низкой обеспеченностью подвижным фосфором – 15 мг/кг и средней обеспеченностью обменным калием – 207 мг/кг почвы. Агрофизические показатели плодородия орошаемой почвы: объемная масса корнеобитаемого слоя – 1,25 т/м3, наименьшая влагоемкость – 17,9%. В качестве органических удобрений использовали полуперепревший навоз, из минеральных удобрений – аммиачную селитру и мочевину, двойной суперфосфат и хлористый калий. Все анализы, учеты и наблюдения проводили в соответствии с общепринятыми методиками. Установлено, что возрастание нижнего порога влажности почвы и применение удобрений способствуют повышению эффективности использования оросительной воды в 2,5 раза, усилению фотосинтетической деятельности и, в частности, повышению КПД ФАР до 1,2%. Наилучшее сочетание урожаеобразующих факторов – поддержание в течение вегетации нижнего порога влажности корнеобитаемого слоя почвы не ниже 80 и 90% НВ на фоне 40 т/га навоза + N320P120K210. 24–66 поливов в течение вегетации баклажана (в зависимости от погодных условий и порога влажности) поливными нормами 146 и 73 м3/га соответственно, внесение под вспашку 40 т/га навоза и половинной нормы минеральных удобрений с тремя азотными подкормками обеспечивают наибольшую урожайность плодов – 62,3–63,6 т/га. The results of the influence of drip irrigation regimes and organic mineral fertilizers on the productivity of eggplant when grown in the dry-steppe zone of the Tersko-Sulak lowland of the Republic of Dagestan are presented. The purpose of the research is to develop methods of agricultural techniques for eggplant cultivation, which ensure that the planned yield of at least 60 t/ha of high-quality fruits is obtained at the level of pre-irrigation soil moisture in the range of 80–100% WC and the calculated irrigation regime. The object of research is the medium-early variety of eggplant Almaz. A two-factor field experiment was conducted in 2013–2015 on zonal meadow-chestnut medium-loamy soils of JSC Educational and Experimental Farm (Kirovsky district of the Republic of Dagestan). The soils of the experimental site were characterized by a low humus content – 1.9%, an average supply of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen – 49 mg/kg of soil, a low supply of mobile phosphorus – 15 mg/kg and an average supply of exchangeable potassium – 207 mg/kg of soil. Agrophysical indicators of the fertility of the irrigated soil: the volume mass of the root layer – 1.25 t/m3, the lowest moisture capacity – 17.9%. As organic fertilizers, semi-rotted manure was used, from mineral fertilizers – ammonium nitrate and urea, double superphosphate and potassium chloride. All analyses, records and observations were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. It was found that the increase in the lower threshold of soil moisture and the use of fertilizers contribute to an increase in the efficiency of irrigation water use by 2.5 times, an increase in photosynthetic activity, and, in particular, an increase in the efficiency of headlights up to 1.2%. The best combination of crop-forming factors is to maintain the lower moisture threshold of the root layer of the soil during the growing season at least 80 and 90% WC against the background of 40 t/ha of manure + N320P120K210. During the growing season of eggplant, 24–66 waterings (depending on weather conditions and humidity threshold) with irrigation rates of 146 and 73 m3/ha, respectively, and the introduction of 40 t/ha of manure and half the rate of mineral fertilizers with three nitrogen fertilizations, provides the highest fruit yield – 62.3–63.6 t/ha.

Search for the parent material of spring soft wheat resistant to septoria tritici blotch and analysis of the trait inheritance

In 2017-2020 in the conditions of Kirov region there were studied 143 varieties, 115 perspective lines and 28 hybrids of the first generation of spring soft wheat according to the degree of resistance to septoria tritici blotch against the background of the natural development of infection. It has been established that development of the disease significantly increased with a decrease in air temperature during the «seedling-tillering» phase (r = -0.83…-0.96) and an increase in the amount of precipitation during «shooting» phase (r = +0.87…+0.90). Resistance to septoria tritici blotch was shown by 16.1 % collection samples. A significant (r = -0.83) decrease in yield by an average of 19 % in susceptible samples compared to resistant ones was revealed. The greatest breeding and immunological value were represented by the varieties of Russian selection: Tobolskaya, Tyumenskaya 29, Moskovskaya 35 and МIS, among which the early variety MIS was tolerant to septoria tritici blotch. Thirteen lines resistant to septoria tritici blotch were identified from the new breeding material. The varieties selected for resistance to septoria tritici blotch were used in hybridization. In F1 hybrids domination and overdomination in the inheritance of resistance to septoria tritici blotch prevailed, as well as weight of 1000 grains and yield per 1 m2. Among them, 8 hybrids F1 with the highest values of the dominance indices were identified. It has been established, that inheritance of resistance to septoria tritici blotch, weight of 1000 grains and yield of hybrids F1 occurs both in the maternal and paternal lines. The greatest immunological effect was obtained when using the varieties Daria (Russia) and Epos (Germany). The most productive hybrids were the variety Daria, taken as both a maternal and paternal form, as well as when using the Egisar 29 (Russia) variety as a maternal form.

Phenology of Four Varieties of Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) in Greenhouses and Hydroponics for its Commercial Production in Mexico

Objective: To measure the phenology, morphology and development of four varieties ofPhysalis peruviana L. under greenhouse and hydroponics conditions, by effect of the ionicstrength of the Steiner nutrient solution for cultivation in Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was conducted under a completelyrandom design with factorial arrangement, the treatments evaluated resulted from thecombination of the levels of the variety factor (Colombia, Sacha, Chiclayo and Modified)with the levels of the ionic strength of the Steiner nutrient solution (50, 100 and 150%),and the experimental unit was a potted plant. For phenology each phase was recorded inthe plants, SPAD readings were taken in the vegetative stage, for diameter and heightseveral samples were taken, and pH and electrical conductivity were accomplished onstems and petioles of shoots of each treatment. An analysis of variance and thecomparison of means per Tukey (p ? 0.05) were implemented with the SAS 9.2 program.Results: The varieties under study showed differences in the time of occurrence of thephenological stages. SPAD readings, basal diameter, pH and electrical conductivity in sapwere affected by each factor except for the interaction. Meanwhile, plant height wassignificantly affected in the first 24 days after transplant (dat) by the combination of thetwo factors. Study Limitations/Implications: The results obtained are limited to the varieties, theenvironmental conditions, and the time when the varieties were evaluated.Conclusions: The phenology of each variety was not expressed at the same time in anyconcentration, as an early variety was given to Chiclayo, Colombia and Sacha, which arevarieties that in the concentrations 50 and 150% of the nutrient solution started harvestingat 99 dat.

Productivity of Super Intensive Mother Plantations of the Violet Early Variety Under Different Modes of Loading the Bushes with Shoots

This paper presents the results of a multi-year study aimed at developing super intensive mother plantations. The effect of different modes of shoot load on grape bushes of the hard-to-root variety Violet Early was shown. A comprehensive study of physiological anatomical changes in the vine under various load conditions was conducted to demonstrate the quality and number of cuttings prepared. The efficiency of the creation of super intensive mother plantations on sandy soils in the Chechen Republic was analyzed. The presence of such mother plants allowed timely harvesting of cuttings to use those of the best quality for reproduction. In the experiments, the net income amounted to 23,717.21 thousand rubles, so it almost doubled; and the profitability attained 140.87%, which was 79% more than that in the control. Keywords: grapes, variety, load of shoots, mother plants, cuttings, seedlings, sandy soils, yield

Assessment of the adaptability of potato samples in the northern territories of the Arkhangelsk region

В статье представлены результаты комплексной оценки сортообразцов картофеля селекции ВНИИКХ в условиях северных территорий Архангельской области. Цель исследований – оценка адаптивности новых сортообразцов картофеля в питомниках экологического испытания для создания нового высокопродуктивного нематодоустойчивого сорта, адаптированного к условиям северных регионов России. Комплексную оценку гибридов проводили по следующим показателям: продолжительность фенологических фаз, урожайность, поражение болезнями, содержание крахмала и сухого вещества в клубнях, коэффициент адаптивности. За стандарт приняты районированные для условий северных регионов России сорт Холмогорский из группы ранних и Елизавета из группы среднеранних. Рассчитан адаптационный потенциал сортообразцов, способных обеспечивать высокую продуктивность при ежегодных изменениях погодных условий Архангельской области. По результатам визуальной оценки по устойчивости к ризоктониозу и вирусным болезням все испытанные сортообразцы показали высокую и очень высокую устойчивость. За два года исследований во время основной уборки высокую урожайность из группы ранние сформировал сортообразец 211/9 – 41,1 т/га (+19,0 т/га к стандарту), из группы среднеранние – сортообразец 4568/10 с урожайностью 40,8 т/га (+11 т/га к стандарту). В процессе исследований выделены образцы, обладающие высокой пластичностью и продуктивностью. Наиболее адаптивными к условиям выращивания оказались: из группы ранних сортообразец 211/9 с коэффициентом адаптивности 1,51; из группы среднеранние – 4568/10 с коэффициентом адаптивности 1,51 и три образца с коэффициентом адаптивности более 1 (1509/1, 4602/9 и 4568/6). Проведение полевых испытаний селекционных образцов картофеля позволило выделить сортообразцы с высоким биологическим и хозяйственным потенциалом для создания нового высокопродуктивного нематодоустойчивого сорта картофеля, адаптированного к условиям северных регионов России. В результате предварительного испытания на устойчивость гибрида 4568/10 к возбудителю рака (Далемский патотип) и золотистой картофельной нематоде (патотип RO1) в лабораторных условиях (2019 год) и в полевых условиях (2020 год) во Всероссийском пункте по испытанию картофеля на устойчивость к раку и нематоде (ФГБНУ ВНИИКХ имени А.Г. Лорха) представленный образец охарактеризован как устойчивый. Сортообразец 4568/10 планируется передать в 2021 году в Государственное сортоиспытание. The article presents the results of a comprehensive assessment of potato samples of the breeding of Russian Potato Research Center in the northern territories of the Arkhangelsk region. The aim of the research was to assess the adaptability of new potato samples in the nurseries of the environmental test to create a new highly productive, nematode resistant variety adapted to the conditions of the northern regions of Russia. Comprehensive assessment of hybrids was carried out on the following indicators: duration of phenological phases, yield, disease damage, starch and dry matter content in tubers, adaptability factor. The Holmogorskiy variety from the group early and Elizaveta from the middle-early group have been adopted for the standard. The adaptive potential of samples capable of providing high productivity in the annual changes in weather conditions of the Arkhangelsk region is calculated. According to the results of a visual assessment on resistance to risoctoniosis and viral diseases, all the samples tested showed high and very high resistance. During two years of research in the main harvest, high yields from the early group formed potato samples of 211/9 – 41.1 t per hectare (19.0 t/ha to St), from the group medium-early – a 4568/10 variety sample with a yield of 40.8 tons per hectare (11 t/ha to St). In the course of research, samples with high plasticity and productivity have been identified. The most adaptive to the growing conditions were: from the group early variety sample 211/9 with an adaptability factor of 1.51; of the average group -4568/10 with an adaptability ratio of 1.51 and 3 samples with an adaptability ratio of more than 1 (1509/1, 4602/9 and 4568/6). Field testing of potato samples has led to the selection of species with high biological and economic potential to create a new, highly productive, nematode resistant potato variety. As a result of preliminary testing for resistance of hybrid 4568/10 to cancer pathogen (Dalem pathotype) and golden potato nematode (pathotype RO1) in laboratory conditions (2019) and in field conditions (2020) at the All-Russian potato testing point for resistance to cancer and nematode (RPRC), the presented sample was characterized as resistant. Variety sample 4568/10 is planned to be submitted to the State Variety Testing in 2021.