Evolution of the Olive Oil Industry along the Entire Production Chain and Related Waste Management

The production of olive oil involves the sustainable management of the waste produced along the entire production chain. This review examines the developments regarding cultivation techniques, production technologies, and waste management, highlighting the goals to be achieved and the most reasonable prospects. The results show that cultivation and production technology have evolved to an almost final solution to meet economic feasibility, keeping the oil’s high quality. Continuous horizontal decanters will coexist with traditional mills in many countries with old olive oil production and consumption traditions. High-quality products have conquered markets, especially in the wealthiest countries. At the same time, the exploitation of dried pomace by solvent extraction is increasingly an obsolete practice. However, waste management is still looking for one or a few reasonable solutions that meet modern society’s constraints. The enhancement of some experienced technologies and the full-scale application of emerging technologies and strategies should solve this problem in the short–medium term. A short discussion is reported on the possibility of unifying the nature and the quality of the waste, whatever the olive oil production method is. Furthermore, modern thermochemical treatment for solid wet organic waste disposal is examined and discussed.

Cultivation of Edible Tropical Bolete, Phlebopus spongiosus, in Thailand and Yield Improvement by High-Voltage Pulsed Stimulation

Tropical bolete, Phlebopus spongiosus, is an edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom indigenous to northern Thailand. This mushroom has the ability to produce fruiting bodies without the need for a host plant. In this study, the technological cultivation of P. spongiosus was developed. Cultivation experiments indicated that fungal mycelia could completely colonize the cultivation substrate over a period of 85–90 days following inoculation of liquid inoculum. Primordia were induced under lower temperatures, high humidity and a 12-h photoperiod. Mature fruiting bodies were developed from young fruiting bodies within a period of one week. Consequently, yield improvement of P. spongiosus cultivation was determined by high-voltage pulsed stimulation. The results indicated that the highest degree of primordial formation, number of mature fruiting bodies and total weight values were obtained in cultivation experiments involving a high voltage of 40 kV. The total weight of the mushrooms increased by 1.4 times after applying high-voltage pulses when compared with the control. Additionally, the results revealed that the size of the fruiting body and the proximate composition of the fruiting bodies from high-voltage stimulation treatments were not different from the control. This research provides valuable information concerning successful cultivation techniques and yield improvement by high-voltage pulsed stimulation for the large-scale commercial fruiting body production of P. spongiosus.

Cotton growing around the Mediterranean.

This chapter focuses on crop production, cultivation techniques, irrigation, and pests and disease management in cotton around the Mediterranean.

Hubungan antara Respon Petani pada Kegiatan Pelatihan Usahatani Cabai Paprika (Capsicum Anumm Var.Grossum) dengan Peningkatan Produksi dan Pendapatan

The problem in this study is that the demand for paprika chili continues to increase, along with population growth, nutritional fulfillment, supermarkets, restaurants and export markets. but production so that the level of paprika chili production is still low in Indonesia. The efforts that have been taken are by forming legal entity farmer groups such as the Golden Gate Agricultural Cooperative in Cibodas Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency. Koptan G.E Aside from being a provider of saprotan and marketing containers, it is also a vehicle for learning for farmers. Educating member farmers is the main focus of this cooperative work program. The education program held at the G.E Cooperative is in the form of training. To increase the production of paprika chili, the G.E Cooperative held a training on paprika chili farming. This study aims to determine the relationship between the response of farmers to the training activities of paprika chili farming on the increase and production at the Koperasi Gerbang Emas Cibodas Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency. To achieve this goal, the type of research used is the case study method that takes the sample by means of saturated samples. The number of respondents was 16 paprika chili farmers who were members of the Gerbang Emas Cooperative who participated in the training of paprika chili farming in 2016. The conclusions from the research are: The application of cultivation techniques to the training of paprika chili farming at the Gerbang Emas Cooperative includes a good category with a cumulative score of 380 (87.96% of expectations). Increased production and income of farmers from GE Koptan members after applying the technical training included in the good category with a cumulative reality score of 262 (77.97% of reality). From the calculation results obtained rscount for 0.64 while rstable for N = 16 and α = 5% or 0.05 for the two-party test get 0.49. This means rscount > rstable or 0.64> 0.49. This means that Ho is rejected, thus there is a significant relationship between the response of farmers to training in paprika chili farming on increasing production and income .

Pengaruh Ragam Jarak Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Sawi Hijau Organik

Modifying cultivation techniques potentially enhances mustard physical qualities to attain the demanded marketable value. The reputation of organic mustard propels farmers to implement modified cultivation techniques to improve harvest quality further. Planting space is one of the modifiable technical cultivations to achieve sustainable crop production. This research used soil planting media from acid dry land to optimize agricultural land use and cow manure as primary fertilizer to implement organic farming. This research objective is to figure the effect of different planting spaces on the growth and productivity of mustard greens that applied organic cultivation method. The preliminary arrangement of the research was a single-factor randomized block design. The factors were studied with different planting spaces: control without planting spaces, planting space of 20x20, 25x25, 30x30, 35x35, and 40x40 cm2. The outcomes revealed that the mean values of mustard green plant height (13.38 cm) and the number of leaves (9 strands) had significant differences to the control treatment (10 cm plant height and seven strands number of leaf). The results showed that the optimum planting space of organic mustard cultivation was 40x40 cm2 which achieved significantly higher plant height and the number of leaves than the control without planting spaces. This research's planting space of 40x40 cm2 is appropriately suitable for monocropping systems in acid dry land. It can alter plant population and distribute environmental resources for sustaining crop growth and production.