Levels of maturation of protoxylem and protophloem elements in aerial roots of Cissus and Ficus

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140-1149
Author(s):  
D. Sivaramakrishna ◽  
Prabha Vijayaraghavan
Keyword(s):  
Maturation Process ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Cissus Quadrangularis ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Root Apices ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The levels of maturation of protophloem and protoxylem elements in the adventitious aerial roots of Cissus quadrangularis and Ficus benghalensis are reported on the basis of serial sections of a large number of root apices. The aerial roots of Cissus resemble the roots of other taxa that have been studied in having the mature protophloem elements at a level distal to that where maturation of protoxylem elements occurs; those of Ficus show an inverse order, protophloem elements occurring proximal to protoxylem elements. In both the species studied, wide variations in levels of maturation of protophloem elements are noted in some roots, while others show a wide variation in levels of protoxylem elements. It is suggested that rates of growth and rates of the maturation process operating independently are involved.

PRELIMINARY PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON AERIAL ROOTS OF FICUS BENGHALENSIS LINN.

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
S. J. Jain ◽  
◽  
T. A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Powder Characteristics ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

The aerial roots of Ficus benghalensis Linn (Moraceae) have been reported to have immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial and hair growth promoting activities. There are no reports on pharmacognostical and phytochemical investigations of these aerial roots. The aim of the present study was evaluation of sectional microscopy, powder characteristics, preliminary phytochemical screening of successive solvent extracts (petroleum ether, toluene, dichloromethane, methanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts) of the aerial roots. The result of the sectional microscopy indicated the presence of cork cells, phloem and xylem. The powder characteristics indicated the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, lignified fibers. Preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenolics and saponins. An extract rich in flavonoids (ethyl acetate rich extract) of the aerial roots was prepared and a quantitative analysis of total flavonoid and total phenolic content was done.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AERIAL ROOTS OF FICUS BENGHALENSIS LINN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Kamalika Mazumder ◽  
Himangshu S Maji ◽  
Nripendra N Bala
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Microscopic Investigation ◽  
Tail Flick ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Aerial Roots

Objective: Ficus benghalensis Linn. (Moraceae family) is commonly known as banyan tree in English, which is used traditionally in India. The literature survey showed that the aerial roots of this plant are yet to be explored. Our main interest is to evaluate its pharmacognostic and phytochemical character by the standard monograph and to explore its in vitro antioxidant and in vivo analgesic activity study with ethyl acetate extract.Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluation and phytochemical screening have been done using standard monograph. An in vitro antioxidant activity using ethyl acetate extract has been done using four different methods. In vivo analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate extract has been evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice and tail flick method.Results: Aerial roots of F. benghalensis have been found the rich source of steroidal glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tri-terpenoids, and phenols. The presence of phellem, phellogen, xylem, and phloem has been found after microscopic investigation. All the pharmacognostic parameters proved its purity. Results showed the absence of heavy metals. The ethyl acetate extract has shown potent antioxidant activity at 100 μg/ml concentration and higher analgesic activity at the concentration of 400 mg/kg than 200 mg/kg.Conclusion: Pharmacognostic characteristics and phytochemical properties revealed in this study could be used for the pharmacopoeial standard. Ethyl acetate extract showed potent antioxidant and analgesic activity.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Properties of Banyan Stalks Reinforced Concrete

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 2535-2542
Author(s):  
S. Sri Charan
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Hardness Test ◽  
Fibre Plant ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Reinforcing Material ◽  
Main Component

In this developing country day by day technology increasing rapidly “According to the development there is an increasing in the construction process”. In construction the major role placed by concrete and steel. Due to wide ranging of steel usage the ore is also decreasing in the earth crust, so to avoid this type of scarcity or problems by using natural resources we can manufacture a fine quality reinforcing material for binding. In this process banyan tree stalks are the main component and we are not cutting the tree, just using AERIAL ROOTS of the banyan tree. If we cut them also, they can reproduce again by that tree. Banyan tree scientific name is “FICUS BENGHALENSIS” an annual fibre plant has been found to be an important source of fibers for a number of applications since good olden days. The banyan fibers has high potential as a reinforcing fiber and common home and office house tree, but in the wild forest, it’s a giant tree of Indian Jungles. Banyan tree starts out life as an epiphyte growing on another tree where some eating birds deposited seed. Banyan tree can get 100 inches tall and, with its massive limbs supported by prop roots, spread over an area of several acres. A famous banyan tree near Poona, (India) is said to measure a half mile around its perimeter and be capable of sheltering 2000 peoples. Banyan trees are native to India, Srilanka and Pakistan. The literature review and tests we are conducting has shown scanty information on the application of this fibers as reinforcing material, keeping in view the easy availability of this new and a comprehensive research work has been initiated in our laboratory on synthesis study of properties of banyan tree stalks as a reinforcing binding material by adding some resins. The composites provide characteristics that are not obtained from any discrete material systems and cohesive structures made by combining two or more compatible materials, the present work presents the results of experimental investigations carried out to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of steel in the construction. To check the properties of the prepared specimen by the banyan tree stalks, we are doing Laboratory Tests i.e., Tensile and Hardness test. The test strength at 7, 14, 28 days then comparing the values with the steel and also materials tests are to be performed.

Ficus benghalensis (banyan).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Strong Light ◽  
Sacred Tree ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Abstract F. benghalensis is a very large, long-lived evergreen tree with thick spreading horizontal branches, from which numerous aerial roots descend and take root, forming new trunks. It is endemic to India and the sub-Himalayan region, and inhabits evergreen and semi-deciduous forest. F. benghalensis has been introduced in Uganda, Zanzibar and Florida. In India, it is considered a sacred tree with wish-fulfilling properties.In the wild, F. benghalensis is naturally dispersed via the excrement of birds and monkeys, and only seeds deposited in the canopy will germinate. This species initially exists as an epiphyte that will rapidly send down roots and begin to envelop the host tree, eventually killing it. F. benghalensis is a strong light-demander and is unable to germinate or grow in the shade (Hocking, 1993). It is frost-hardy, and the leaves may recover quickly from severe frosts. It is susceptible to fire, although seldom are its many stems all killed by fire. F. benghalensis is drought-resistant, though it may lose leaves in hot dry seasons. The wood is of poor quality, and is mainly used for fuelwood, boxes, posts, and small agricultural implements. Due to its durability under water, the wood is used to form well-curbs. Generally the fruit is only eaten in times of famine. F. benghalensis has medicinal properties: the sap is used to treat rheumatism and lumbago; the bark may cure dysentery, diarrhoea and diabetes; leaves are applied to abscesses; and root fibres are used in gonad problems (Hocking, 1993). An inferior rubber may be obtained from the latex of the bark. F. benghalensis can be artificially propagated by cuttings or seed. Both seedlings and cuttings require light and plenty of moisture for optimum growth (Gupta, 1993). F. benghalensis tends to grow slowly in less preferred conditions, such as acid soils, high rainfall, cool temperatures and coastal belts (Hocking, 1993). Aerial roots may begin to develop after 15-20 years, and regular pruning will prevent excessive canopy development. F. benghalensis is extensively planted for shade and as an ornamental in gardens, villages or along roadsides. The aggressive nature and spreading crown of this species make it unsuitable for unmanaged cultivation. However, with regular pollarding, heavy lopping and pruning of aerial roots, it is suitable for silvopastoral systems, and is used to provide fodder and hedging (Hocking, 1993). It is also used to reclaim wasteland and sand dunes.

scholarly journals Systematic reinstatement of highly sacred Ficus krishnae based on differences in morphology and DNA barcoding from Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae)

PhytoKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 121-138
Author(s):  
Karthikeyan Mahima ◽  
Senthilkumar Umapathy ◽  
Jana Venkata Sudhakar ◽  
Ramalingam Sathishkumar
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Nodal Anatomy ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Tree Construction ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Independent Species

Ficus krishnae is considered as native to India and is well-known for the peculiarity in nature of its cup-shaped leaves where both the vernacular name (Krishna Fig) and specific epithet were derived. The taxonomic status of Ficus krishnae is still unclear and currently treated as a subspecies or variety under Ficus benghalensis. In the present study, morphological characters and molecular analysis were employed to address their species delimitation. The spacer markers ITS2 and trnH-psbA were used for constructing phylogenetic trees along with morphometric analysis. Ficus krishnae distinctly differs from Ficus benghalensis by having cup-forming leaves and the nature of the aerial roots, stipules, petioles, ostiolar bracts of the receptacle, DNA content, chromosome differences and nodal anatomy. The results showed that the highest divergence is observed in trnH-psbA (20.8 ± 12.2), followed by ITS2 (5.7 ± 3.2). The phylogenetic tree construction using Bayesian analysis showed a divergent boundary between the two species suggesting that F. krishnae could be an independent species, not a variety of F. benghalensis. The present study’s findings support the view that these two floras can be treated as different species.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Evaluation on Vata (Ficus benghalensis linn.) Jata (Aerial Roots)

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Pravin Jawanjal ◽  
CR Harisha ◽  
VJ Shukla ◽  
BJ Patgiri ◽  
SS Savrikar
Keyword(s):  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Aerial Roots ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation
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