Cytokinins and abscisic acid in hardening winter wheat

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1597-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Taylor ◽  
Munjeet K. Bhalla ◽  
J. Mason Robertson ◽  
Lu J. Piening
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Freeze Dried

During overwintering in a northern climate, winter wheat goes through a hardening process, followed by dehardening in late winter – early spring. This sequence of events may be partially controlled by changes in endogenous hormone levels. Crowns and leaf tissue from field grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Norstar) seeded at the beginning of September were collected and freeze-dried at monthly intervals during the winters of 1985–1986 and 1986–1987. Material was also sampled and freeze-dried from seedlings grown in a growth chamber under hardening conditions (21 °C for 2 weeks plus 3 °C for 6 weeks) or nonhardening conditions (3 weeks at 21 °C). The tissues were analysed for cytokinins and abscisic acid. Cytokinin levels, measured with the soybean hypocotyl section assay, declined from October onwards and then rose to a peak in late winter (January and February, winter 1986–1987; February and March, winter 1985–1986), subsequently declining again. Abscisic acid, quantitated as the methyl ester by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, increased in level from October to December, then decreased to a relatively low level between January and March. Hardened seedlings from the growth chamber contained significantly higher abscisic acid levels and significantly lower cytokinin levels than did the nonhardened seedlings. Key words: abscisic acid, cytokinins, hardening, Triticum aestivum, winter wheat.

Primordia and leaf production in winter wheat, triticale, and rye under field conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1972-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hunt ◽  
Anne-Marie Chapleau
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Leaf Emergence

Primordia production and leaf emergence were investigated in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and two related species, winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack), under field conditions in Southern Ontario, a region with a humid continental climate. Primordia initiation could be adequately described by a linear regression of primordia number on accumulated degree-days in the 1st year of study, 1981 – 1982. In the 2nd year, however, a linear relationship was noticed only in the late winter and early spring, with the rate of primordia production being distinctly lower earlier in the season. The rate of primordia initiation was faster in the ryes than in the wheats, a superiority which was associated with greater spikelet production. Triticale had an intermediate rate of primordia initiation but was closer to wheat in the timing of double ridge and terminal spikelet formation. Leaves emerged at a constant rate (degree-days base) which was similar in most of the cultivars.

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TILLERING, SPIKE NUMBER AND GRAIN YIELD IN WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) IN ONTARIO

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. BULMAN ◽  
L. A. HUNT
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Spike Number

Two field experiments were conducted to examine the relationships between tillering, spike number and grain yield in three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Treatments were designed to manipulate both the production and survival of tillers, and to provide a high number of spikes per unit area. One experiment involved growth regulator treatments with cycocel and gibberellic acid while the second involved various rates of nitrogen. Grain yield was linearly related to total spike number over a range of 400–1200 spikes m−2 in a combined analysis over locations and years. When only spikes with at least nine fertile spikelets were included, a greater amount of the variability in yield could be explained, and differences among cultivars were related to the number of small, unproductive spikes. When locations and years were analyzed separately, little evidence was found for a diminishing response between grain yield and total spike number. Spike number was related to maximum tiller number in 1982, when winterkill and early spring conditions were unfavorable. Thus, although good fall tillering and winter survival contribute most to producing high spike numbers and grain yield, cultivars must also have the ability both to tiller rapidly in the spring and to sustain high-yielding tillers to provide sufficient compensation following winterkill.Key words: tillering, spikes, yield, wheat, nitrogen, regulators

INFLUENCE OF FALL AND SPRING HERBICIDE APPLICATION ON WINTER WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L. ’NORSTAR’)

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 881-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. DERKSEN ◽  
K. J. KIRKLAND ◽  
B. R. McLENNAN ◽  
J. H. HUNTER ◽  
H. A. LOEPPKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Fall Application

Recommendations regarding the timing of herbicide application in winter wheat vary among production areas. The current increase in area of winter wheat production in Saskatchewan warrants an examination of herbicide recommendations for this non-traditional production area. Field research was conducted for 2 yr at several locations in Saskatchewan using 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron, and clopyralid, applied in the late fall or early spring, to determine the effects of time and rate of application on winter wheat grain yield. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Norstar’) was tolerant to fall application of all herbicides at rates recommended for spring application. Grain yield was reduced in some cases when double the recommended spring rate of 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil, and clopyralid was applied in the fall. Spring application of clopyralid resulted in significantly lower grain yield than fall application. All herbicides tested show potential for use in winter wheat production, although caution is warranted for spring application of clopyralid.Key words: Wheat (winter), 2,4-D, MCPA, dicamba, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron

scholarly journals Evaluation of the air-dry mass of vetch-cereal grass mixtures according to their optimality in the ratio of neutral-detergent (NDF) and acid-detergent fiber (ADF)

2020 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 04030
Author(s):  
A S Skamarokhova ◽  
N. A. Yurina ◽  
N. A. Bedilo ◽  
D. A. Yurin ◽  
Y N Ashinov
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Experimental Plots

On the experimental field an experiment was laid to study the productivity of two types of winter vetch: Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Granz) varieties Orlan and Chernomorskaya and downy vetch (Vicia villosa op Roth) varieties Lugovskaya 2 and Glinkovskaya. The vetch was sown in a mixture with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Tanya. Various doses of mineral fertilizers. Phosphorus (superphosphate) and potassium (potassium chloride) were introduced during sowing, nitrogen (calcium nitrate) – as early spring feeding. As a control, we studied the variety of furry vetch Lugovskaya 2, since this is the most popular variety of winter vetch in the Krasnodar Territory. The soils of the experimental plots are represented by leached, low-humus heavy loamy powerful chernozem. Due to the limited feed intake, the diets of high-yielding cows are rich in highly digestible non-structural carbohydrates (ADF), which fermentation leads to the formation of a large amount of propionic acid in the rumen with a strong acidic effect and, conversely, NDF fermentation is slower and on a smaller scale. The variant winter wheat Tanya + winter vetch Lugovskaya 2 - is closer to the optimum in the second cut. The rest of the experimental options of vetchwheat and vetch-triticale grass mixtures also have a negative fiber balance, which is not acceptable for feeding high-producing dairy cattle.

The effect of abscisic acid and cytokinins on the cold hardiness of winter wheat

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Gusta ◽  
D. B. Fowler ◽  
N. J. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Measurable Effect

The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and the cytokinins benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin on the cold hardiness of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated by controlled freeze tests. ABA or BA applied as a foliar spray to nonacclimated plants or to plants acclimated for 1 week had no measurable effect on crown cold hardiness. The crown water content of winter wheat plants grown in nutrient solution supplemented with BA or kinetin decreased by twofold but cold hardiness was not increased. Thus, a reduction in water content alone does not necessarily result in increased cold hardiness. After 7 days of hardening ABA added with BA increased cold hardiness of crowns 3 to 4 °C depending upon the treatment.

scholarly journals Effects of five Glomus spp. (Zygomycetes) on growth and mineral nutrition of Triticum aestivum L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Błaszkowski
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Glomus Spp

In a pot experiment conducted in a growth chamber. the influence of five species of arbuscular fungi (<i>Glomales<i>) on growth and mineral nutrition of winter wheat (<i>Triricum aestivum</i>) cv. Salwa was investigated. After nine weeks of growth, plants inoculated with <i>Glomus calcdonium</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i> were significantly higher than those from control pots and those with <i>G. constrictum, G. deserticola</i> and <i>G. macrocarpum</i> mycorrhizae. All fungi significantly increased root dry weights, although <i>G. caledonium</i> was the most effective species. Except for <i>G. constrictum</i>, the other fungi significantly increased shoot dry weights of plants, with <i>G.caledonium</i> being the most effective species. <i>G. caledonium, G. macrocarpum</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i> significantly decreased root: shoot ratios. Inoculations significantly affected shoot and root N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations. Except for <i>G. constrictum</i>, all the other fungi significantly increased shoot N and Ca contents. Shoot P and K contents were significantly higher in plants harbouring only <i>G. caledonium</i> mycorrhizae. <i>G. caledonium. G. deserticola</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i> significantly increased shoot Mg contents. Except for <i>G.constritum</i>, the other fungi significantly enhanced root N and P contens. The fungi significantly increasing root K supplies were <i>G. caledoniumum, G. macrocarpum </i>, and <i>G. mosseae. Root Ca contents was significantly increased only in <i>G. constrictum</i> treatment. Except for <i>G. constrictum</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i>, the other fungi significantly increased root Mg contents, with <i>G. macrocarpum</i> ranking the first. Shoot and root dry weights and shoot N and K as well as root N and P contents in <i>T. aestivum</i> were significantly correlated with mycorrhizal colonization.

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