Mycorrhizal fungi Glomus spp. propagation in zeolite enriched with mycorrhiza helper bacteria for controlling nematode in coffee

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a role in suppressing the nematode Pratylenchus coffeae. Mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) can increase the effectiveness of AMF to control the diseases. The experimental purpose was to increase the spore population of AMF Glomus spp. in zeolite-based formulation inoculated with liquid consortia of Pseudomonas diminuta and Bacillus subtilis as MHB. The experimental design was a completely random design with six treatments consisted of 106, 107, 108, and 109 CFU/mL MHB liquid inoculants. The control treatments were water and 2% molasses. All treatments were replicated four times. A total of 300 mL/pot Liquid inoculant of MHB have been inoculated a three day before transplanting the maize seedling to the Zeolite inoculated with Glomus spp. in the pot. One month after MHB inoculation, Glomus formulation in Zeolite with different levels of MHB increased the degree of infection. Three months after MHB inoculation, spore content in Zeolite increased. The density of P. diminuta and B. subtilis in zeolite-based mycorrhizal inoculant increased at the end of the experiment. Liquid inoculant MHB contained 108 CFU/mL enhanced spora number fourth times compared to the control. This experiment suggests that P. diminuta and B. subtilis were effective to increase the spore density of AMF inoculant.

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares de três espécies perenes de um Sistema Agroflorestal em Manaus (AM)

Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) são seres simbiontes de solo que exercem um papel significativo na funcionalidade e manutenção dos ecossistemas naturais manejados e principalmente degradados. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a ocorrência de FMAs na rizosfera de Andirobeira, Sapoteira do Solimões e Cupuaçuzeiro presentes em um Sistema Agroflorestal, sendo avaliados em quatro meses (março, junho, setembro e dezembro) de 2018. O esquema fatorial 3x4 foi usado e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. A ANOVA de medidas repetitivas demonstrou que há efeito do tempo (F (3,12) =3.776; p- valor= 0.019) e da interação entre tempo e espécie (F(6,36) =3.918; p-valor= 0.004) na densidade de esporos. Verificou-se que as rizosferas da Sapoteira do Solimões e da Andirobeira apresentaram as maiores médias de densidade de esporos (76,2 e 70,4 esporos.50 g de solo-1), no mês de março encontrou-se uma amostra com 97 esporos.50 g de solo-1, sendo a maior encontrada. As maiores taxas de colonização micorrízica (%) foram observadas nas rizosferas da Sapoteira do Solimões e da Andirobeira, as quais diferiram estatisticamente do Cupuaçuzeiro, não havendo diferença estatística entre os meses de coleta. O gênero Glomus spp. foi dominante nas rizosferas das plantas (43,1 %), sendo o menos abundante o Gigaspora spp. (10,04 %).

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in Citrus volkameriana Tan & Pasq

Objective. We evaluated the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in Citrusvolkameriana Tan & Pasq plants with the application of Glomus spp Zac- 19 (G.claroides, G. diaphanum and G. albidum) to assess growth under greenhouseconditions without fertilizer application.Methodology. The evaluated treatments were inoculation with 2,4,6,8, and 10 g ofinoculum, plus a control without inoculation in an experimental design of completerandomized blocks with three replications. Variables were plant height, stem diameter,number of leaves, foliar area, dry weight, and mycorrhizal colonization.Results. A statistically significant response (p?0.01) to inoculation wasobserved, registering higher growth of mycorrhizal plants. The inoculation wasconsidered appropriate for all the levels evaluated. The outstanding treatment was 10 gof inoculum that produced plants with 110.16 cm in height for the last sampling; 38.56leaves per plant; 1.13 cm stem diameter; 35.95 g dry weight of root; 76.88 g dry weightof the aerial part of the plant; 225.03 cm 2 of leaf area per plant and 88.87% ofmycorrhizal colonization.Conclusions. The application of 10 g per plant to the roots of Citrus volkameriana fromthe Glomus Zac-19 arbuscular mycorrhizal consortium promoted the production of morevigorous plants for grafting, without the application of chemical fertilizer.

Biokontrol arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus spp. terhadap infeksi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht et Fr. pada tanaman cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht et Fr. merupakan patogen tular tanah yang dapat menyebabkan layu fusarium pada cabai rawit. Penggunaan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) sebagai simbion dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap infeksi jamur pathogen F.oxysporum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh FMA sebagai biokontrol pertumbuhan tanaman cabai rawit terhadap infeksi F. oxysprum serta efektivitas pemberian FMA untuk menurunkan intensitas serangan penyakit layu fusarium. Bibit cabai rawit ditumbuhkan pada media tanah steril (kontrol negatif), tanah steril dan 10 ml patogen (kontrol positif), tanah steril dan FMA 100 g, FMA 100 g dan 10 ml patogen, tanah steril dan 200 g FMA, FMA 200 g dan 10 ml patogen, tanah steril dan 300 g FMA dan 10 ml patogen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian 200 g spora FMA menunjukkan pengaruh berbeda nyata pada tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat kering akar dan berat kering tajuk tanaman cabai rawit berumur tiga bulan. Sedangkan inokulasi 300 g FMA memberikan hasil terbaik pada buah cabai dan persentase kolonisasi FMA sebesar 84, 45%. Inokulasi 300 g FMA menurunkan infeksi F. oxysporum saat 30 Hari Setelah Tanam (HST) sebesar 3.36%. Kesimpulan dari riset ini menunjukkan inokulasi FMA Glomus spp. mampu meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat kering akar dan berat kering tajuk, kecepatan berbunga dan ketahanan tanaman terhadap infeksi jamur F. oxysporum.

Non-Synergistic Effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Glomus spp. in Reducing Infection of Fusarium Wilt in Banana

Philippine banana is currently threatened by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (FocR4). This study investigated the use of Trichoderma harzianum pre-treated with Glomus spp, as a means of managing Fusarium wilt on young ‘Lakatan’ banana seedlings. Results showed that Glomus applied basally significantly improved banana seedling growth with increased increment in plant height and pseudostem diameter and heavier root weight. The application of Glomus spp. alone offered 100% protection to the ‘Lakatan’ seedlings against FocR4 as indicated by the absence of the wilting symptom. A combination of T. harzianum and Glomus spp. also gave significant effect against Fusarium wilt through delayed disease progression in the seedlings but was not synergistic. Competitive effects were suspected when application of the two biological control agents on banana roots was done simultaneously.

Effect of Organic Fertilization and AMF Inoculation on Yield and Floral Quality Parameters of Common Marigold

In Greece common marigold is one of the major medicinal plants widely used in cosmetics, perfumes and the pharmaceutical industry. A field experiment was conducted at Komotini, Greece, to compare the effect of organic and conventional fertilization combined with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on yield and floral qualitative characteristics of the common marigold during the 2015 growing season. The experiment was set up as a split plot design with three replicates, three main plots (fertilization treatments, inorganic, organic and untreated) and two sub-plots (addition/non-addition of commercial mycorrhiza of the genus Glomus spp.). Floral fresh and dry weight as well as total phenolic and flavonoid content of the dried flowers were recorded. Data analysis confirmed no significant correlation between fresh/dry floral yield, total phenolic and flavonoid content of the dried flowers and type of fertilization. The results also demonstrate a tendency of increase of the fresh or dry weight of the flowers when the commercial mycorrhiza is applied but it is not statistically significant.

Effects of five Glomus spp. (Zygomycetes) on growth and mineral nutrition of Triticum aestivum L.

In a pot experiment conducted in a growth chamber. the influence of five species of arbuscular fungi (<i>Glomales<i>) on growth and mineral nutrition of winter wheat (<i>Triricum aestivum</i>) cv. Salwa was investigated. After nine weeks of growth, plants inoculated with <i>Glomus calcdonium</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i> were significantly higher than those from control pots and those with <i>G. constrictum, G. deserticola</i> and <i>G. macrocarpum</i> mycorrhizae. All fungi significantly increased root dry weights, although <i>G. caledonium</i> was the most effective species. Except for <i>G. constrictum</i>, the other fungi significantly increased shoot dry weights of plants, with <i>G.caledonium</i> being the most effective species. <i>G. caledonium, G. macrocarpum</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i> significantly decreased root: shoot ratios. Inoculations significantly affected shoot and root N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations. Except for <i>G. constrictum</i>, all the other fungi significantly increased shoot N and Ca contents. Shoot P and K contents were significantly higher in plants harbouring only <i>G. caledonium</i> mycorrhizae. <i>G. caledonium. G. deserticola</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i> significantly increased shoot Mg contents. Except for <i>G.constritum</i>, the other fungi significantly enhanced root N and P contens. The fungi significantly increasing root K supplies were <i>G. caledoniumum, G. macrocarpum </i>, and <i>G. mosseae. Root Ca contents was significantly increased only in <i>G. constrictum</i> treatment. Except for <i>G. constrictum</i> and <i>G. mosseae</i>, the other fungi significantly increased root Mg contents, with <i>G. macrocarpum</i> ranking the first. Shoot and root dry weights and shoot N and K as well as root N and P contents in <i>T. aestivum</i> were significantly correlated with mycorrhizal colonization.