Primordia and leaf production in winter wheat, triticale, and rye under field conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1972-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hunt ◽  
Anne-Marie Chapleau
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Leaf Emergence

Primordia production and leaf emergence were investigated in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and two related species, winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack), under field conditions in Southern Ontario, a region with a humid continental climate. Primordia initiation could be adequately described by a linear regression of primordia number on accumulated degree-days in the 1st year of study, 1981 – 1982. In the 2nd year, however, a linear relationship was noticed only in the late winter and early spring, with the rate of primordia production being distinctly lower earlier in the season. The rate of primordia initiation was faster in the ryes than in the wheats, a superiority which was associated with greater spikelet production. Triticale had an intermediate rate of primordia initiation but was closer to wheat in the timing of double ridge and terminal spikelet formation. Leaves emerged at a constant rate (degree-days base) which was similar in most of the cultivars.

Cytokinins and abscisic acid in hardening winter wheat

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1597-1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Taylor ◽  
Munjeet K. Bhalla ◽  
J. Mason Robertson ◽  
Lu J. Piening
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Freeze Dried

During overwintering in a northern climate, winter wheat goes through a hardening process, followed by dehardening in late winter – early spring. This sequence of events may be partially controlled by changes in endogenous hormone levels. Crowns and leaf tissue from field grown winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Norstar) seeded at the beginning of September were collected and freeze-dried at monthly intervals during the winters of 1985–1986 and 1986–1987. Material was also sampled and freeze-dried from seedlings grown in a growth chamber under hardening conditions (21 °C for 2 weeks plus 3 °C for 6 weeks) or nonhardening conditions (3 weeks at 21 °C). The tissues were analysed for cytokinins and abscisic acid. Cytokinin levels, measured with the soybean hypocotyl section assay, declined from October onwards and then rose to a peak in late winter (January and February, winter 1986–1987; February and March, winter 1985–1986), subsequently declining again. Abscisic acid, quantitated as the methyl ester by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector, increased in level from October to December, then decreased to a relatively low level between January and March. Hardened seedlings from the growth chamber contained significantly higher abscisic acid levels and significantly lower cytokinin levels than did the nonhardened seedlings. Key words: abscisic acid, cytokinins, hardening, Triticum aestivum, winter wheat.

EFFECT OF FORAGE HARVEST ON GRAIN YIELD AND AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF WINTER TRITICALE, WHEAT AND RYE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. W. POYSA
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Winter Triticale

In field experiments at Guelph, Ontario four winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes, one winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), and one winter rye (Secale cereale L.) were evaluated during three seasons for grain yield, forage yield, and agronomic performance following forage harvests at two stages of plant development in the spring. When the results were averaged across all the winter cereals, spring cuttings decreased final plant height and incidence of lodging and delayed the heading date by up to 2 wk, but did not consistently affect test weight. The early joint forage harvest reduced average grain yields by 6% while the mid-joint harvest, about 1 wk later, reduced yields by 28%. The early joint harvest yielded, on average, 1.5 tonnes/ha of forage while the mid-joint harvest yielded 2.2 tonnes/ha. OAC Wintri triticale, however, yielded, on average, 0.5 tonnes/ha more grain following the early joint harvest than the uncut control. Forage cutting of OAC Wintri might be an effective method for obtaining additional forage production, reducing lodging, and increasing grain yield in years when spring vegetative growth is luxuriant.Key words: Forage harvest, spring cutting, triticale (winter), wheat (winter), rye (winter), lodging, grain yield

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WINTER CROPS VARIETIES ON ACCUMULATION OF PROLINO IN THE AUTUMN-WINTER PERIOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Лилия Гильмуллина ◽  
Liliya Gil'mullina ◽  
Гульназ Маннапова ◽  
Gul'naz Mannapova ◽  
Гульнара Маннапова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Free Proline ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Concentrations

Winter hardiness of plants depends on many factors: plant species, variety, duration of quenching phase and meteorological conditions. The reaction to stressful influences during the autumn-winter period is the changes in the cellular metabolism, in which the accumulation of various substances that protect plants from death occurs. Proline is a multifunctional amino acid, that accumulates in high concentrations in response to various abiotic stresses. The purpose of this study is to identify species and varietal differences in the accumulation of proline in winter crops in the Republic of Tatarstan. The material for research was the leaves of winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter triticale (Triticosecale Witt.). The experiments were carried out under conditions of natural stress factors of three consecutive growing seasons of 2014-2017. To determine the state of wintering plants in dynamics, the content of free proline was determined by the Bates method. It is shown that the average values of proline content in winter rye and triticale increased from October to December, but decreased in February. Winter wheat had a further increase in the indicator. The amplitude of the oscillations in December in winter rye was 5.18-13.52 μmol/g, in winter triticale - 9.47-23.15 μmol/g, in winter wheat - 25.81-32.98 μmol/g. The greatest variability of proline values in the studied cultures was noted in February. For each of the winter crops, its reaction rate according to this criterion was revealed. However, there is an intraspecific specific character of the dynamics of the synthesis and breakdown of free proline. Among the studied varieties and hybrids of winter rye, 3 groups differed among themselves. The concentration of proline in the leaves of winter triticale approximated to the values of winter rye, and according to the dynamics of accumulation - to winter wheat.

DEHARDENING OF WINTER WHEAT AND RYE UNDER SPRING FIELD CONDITIONS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
L. V. GUSTA
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Secale Cereale L

Changes in cold hardiness (LT50), fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content were measured on crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) taken from the field at weekly intervals in the spring of 1973 and 1974 at Saskatoon, Sask. In all trials, Frontier rye came out of the winter with superior cold hardiness and maintained a higher level of hardiness during most of the dehardening period. For cultivars of both species, rapid dehardening did not occur until the ground temperature at crown depth remained above 5 C for several days. Changes in crown moisture content tended to increase during dehardening. Over this same period crown dry weight increased for winter rye but did not show a consistent pattern of change for winter wheat. Two test sites were utilized in 1974. One site was protected by trees and the other was exposed. General patterns of dehardening were similar for these two sites, but cultivar winter field survival potentials were reflected only by LT50 ratings for the exposed test site. The influence of fall seeding date on spring dehardening was also investigated. Late-seeded wheat plots did not survive the winter in all trials. However, where there was winter survival, no differences in rate of dehardening due to seeding date were observed.

scholarly journals Management of Primocane-fruiting Blackberry: Impacts on Yield, Fruiting Season, and Cane Architecture

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
John R. Clark ◽  
Chad E. Finn ◽  
Gil Buller
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Growing Degree Days ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Berry Weight

Primocane management systems were compared for ‘Prime-Jan’® and ‘Prime-Jim’®, primocane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus, Watson), grown in a field planting in Aurora, OR. Treatments studied were: 1) no manipulation of primocanes (untipped; no floricanes); 2) untipped primocanes growing in the presence of floricanes; 3) untipped primocanes grown with rowcover in late winter to early spring; and 4) primocanes “soft-tipped” at 1 m to encourage branching. Date of primocane first bloom and cane height at bloom were unaffected by cultivar and were only affected by primocane management in 2005. The number of growing degree-days to first bloom ranged from 1272 to 1390 depending on year. Primocane management did not affect ovule or drupelet number per berry or percent drupelet set. ‘Prime-Jim’ had more drupelets and greater weight per berry in 2005 than ‘Prime-Jan’. Fruit harvested earlier in the season had more ovules and drupelets than later harvested fruit in 2004. Primocanes that grew in the presence of floricanes were longer and bloomed later but did not differ in yield from untipped canes grown only for a primocane crop. Use of rowcover in 2005 advanced bloom and harvest, improving yield 73% compared with untipped control canes. Soft-tipping primocanes increased yield 114% to 150% compared with untipped canes (5.6 vs. 2.4 t·ha−1) through increasing branch and node number per cane and percentage of fruiting nodes; soft-tipping did not delay harvest. Yield/cane was negatively correlated with the number of fruiting canes/plot but positively correlated with branches/cane, total branch and cane length, number of nodes and percent fruiting nodes, fruit/cane, and berry weight. The proportion of fruiting nodes was greater on branches than on the main cane illustrating the importance of managing this type of blackberry to increase branch number for high yield.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEHARDENING AND REHARDENING OF WINTER CEREALS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. GUSTA ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Secale Cereale ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Secale Cereale L ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Cold-hardened crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) readily dehardened upon exposure to warm temperatures. Crowns dehardened at a faster rate at 20 C than at 10 and 15 C. Dehardened plants were capable of rehardening in a short period of time upon exposure to cold-acclimating conditions. In all the dehardening studies, there was a high positive correlation between cold survival and water content of the crowns. Plants collected in the fall and stored at −2.5 C maintained the same level of hardiness for 17 wk.

scholarly journals The role and impact of N-Lock (N-stabilizer) to the utilization of N in the main arable crops

2014 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Zoltán Papp
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
Oil Seed ◽  
Oil Seed Rape

The nitrogen stabilizer called N-Lock can be used primarily with solid and liquid urea, UAN and other liquid nitrogen, slurry and manure. In corn it can be applied incorporated before sowing or with row-cultivator or applied with postemergent timing in tank-mix. In postemergent timing need precipitation for long effect. In oil seed rape and autumn cereals the N-Lock should be applied with liquid nitrogen in tank mix late winter or early spring (February-March). The dose rate is 2.5 l/ha. N-Lock increases the yield of maize, winter oil seed rape, winter wheat and winter barley 5-20 %. The yield increasing can be given the thousand grain weight. In case of high doses of nitrogen it can be observed higher yield. The quality parameter also improved, especially the oil content of winter oil seed rape and protein and gluten contents of winter wheat. The use of N-Lock increases the nitrogen retention of soil and reduces nitrate leaching towards the groundwater and the greenhouse effect gas emissions into the atmosphere. The degradation of the applied nitrogen is slowing down and the plant can uptake more nitrogen in long period. The effect of N-Lock the nitrogen is located in the upper soil layer of 0-30 cm and increasing the ammonium nitrogen form. The product can be mixed with herbicide products in main arable crops.

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