Integration among ramets of Trifolium repens

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Turkington ◽  
Elena Klein
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Neighbour Effects ◽  
Stolon Length

Cuttings of Trifolium repens were grown in pots without neighbours. When individual interconnected stolons from these cuttings were directed into adjacent pots so that daughter ramets were growing with different grass neighbours, these neighbouring grasses had dissimilar effects on leaf number, leaf size, percent branching of nodes, stolon length, and shoot dry weight. When the T. repens cuttings were grown in pots with neighbours, the effects of different grass neighbours on subsequent growth of stolons and ramets evened out. Key words: integration, clone, ramet, neighbour effects, Trifolium repens.

Influence of wear-stress on turfgrass growth components and visual density ratings

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
D. J. Cattani ◽  
K. W. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Combined Data

This study compared the relationship between visual density ratings and various turfgrass growth components using the combined data of 10 creeping bentgrass clones exposed to or not exposed to simulated foot-type wear-stress. Measurements were determined on 28 June, 12 July, and 2 Aug. 1985. There was a trend towards a reduction, rarely significant, in all turfgrass growth components measured due to simulated wear. Significant reductions in the visual density ratings occurred for the 12 July and 2 Aug. rating dates. There was no difference in the relationship between visual density ratings and the turfgrass growth components due to applied wear-stress. Visual density ratings were correlated to tiller number and leaf number and inversely to dry weight/tiller. Tiller number and leaf number are linearly related. Key words: Agrostis stolonifera, creeping bentgrass, visual density rating, tiller number, leaf number, simulated wear

scholarly journals Simulated mesotrione drift followed by glyphosate, imazethapyr, bentazon or glyphosate plus chlorimuron in soybean

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
L. R. Brown ◽  
D. E. Robinson ◽  
K. Chandler ◽  
C. J. Swanton ◽  
R. E. Nurse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Herbicide Drift

There have been anecdotal accounts of increased crop sensitivity due to herbicide drift followed by an in-crop herbicide. An experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2007 at Elora, Ridgetown, and Woodstock, Ontario, to determine the effects of simulated mesotrione drift followed by in-crop applications of glyphosate, imazethapyr, bentazon and glyphosate plus chlorimuron on glyphosate-resistant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] visual injury, plant height, plant density, shoot dry weight, and seed yield. As the rate of simulated mesotrione drift increased, there was an increase in soybean injury and a decrease in shoot dry weight, height, and yield. Simulated mesotrione drift followed by bentazon resulted in synergistic responses in injury shortly after application in some environments. This increase in injury was transient, with no synergistic responses in density, shoot dry weight, and yield. In contrast, antagonistic responses were observed when glyphosate, imazethapyr, or glyphosate plus chlorimuron were applied after simulated mesotrione drift in some environments. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the interactions of drift followed by the application of an in-crop herbicide. Key words: Bentazon, chlorimuron, glyphosate, imazethapyr, mesotrione, synergism

LEAF NUMBER ESTIMATION FROM SHOOT DRY WEIGHT MEASUREMENTS FOR TWO TURFGRASS SPECIES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
C. P. M. WRIGHT ◽  
J. L. EGGENS ◽  
K. CAREY ◽  
R. J. HINES
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

The objective of this study was to determine if total plant leaf numbers in a large data set could be predicted from individual plant shoot dry weight measurements using regression equations derived from a subset of the data. The species used were annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. ’Penncross’). There was significant correlation between leaf number and shoot dry weight measurements in data subsets. Leaf numbers for the total data set were estimated by the regression equation derived from a subset consisting of pooled data from one, two or three replicates. This procedure was assessed by comparing predictions from regression equations with actual values, using a number of different sets of replicates to generate the regression equation. On the basis of the results we suggest that, for annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass in greenhouse pot culture, this procedure can be used to accurately estimate leaf number data for remaining replicates within an experimental design, once regression coefficients are established from pooled data from two replicates.Key words: Leaf number estimation, shoot dry weight, annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass

Pathogenicity of Pythium torulosum to roots of Agrostis palustris in black-layered sand produced by the interaction of the cyanobacteria species Lyngbya, Phormidium, and Nostoc with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton F. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Golf Greens ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Black Layer ◽  
Pythium Torulosum

Studies were initiated to determine the pathogenicity of Pythium torulosum to Agrostis palustris roots growing in sand with subsurface black layer produced by the interaction of cyanobacteria and the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. The interaction of P. torulosum with cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans was also evaluated. Pythium torulosum decreased the dry weight of roots and shoots of A. palustris to 41 and 35%, respectively, of the control plants in the absence of black layer and the organisms responsible for its formation. The combination of P. torulosum and D. desulfuricans, in the absence of black layer, induced the most severe decrease in root (20% of controls) and shoot (25% of controls) dry weights. Damage to roots induced by P. torulosum in combination with various isolates of cyanobacteria, in the absence of black layer, was equal to that of P. torulosum alone; shoot dry weight loss was less than that caused by P. torulosum alone. Pathogenicity of P. torulosum to roots when combined with cyanobacteria and D. desulfuricans in the presence of black layer was the same as that with P. torulosum alone and in combination with cyanobacteria; shoot dry weight did not differ from that of P. torulosum combined with cyanobacteria. The presence of cyanobacteria with P. torulosum and D. desulfuricans in black-layered sand decreased root and shoot dry weight loss induced by the two latter organisms. Key words: anaerobic, black plug layer, golf greens, sulfate reduction.

scholarly journals Control of Northern Willowherb in Nursery Containers

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
James Altland ◽  
Eryn Cramer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of granular and sprayed preemergence herbicides for controlling northern willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum Rafin) in container crops. Eleven granular herbicides representing various combination of pendimethalin, prodiamine, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon, napropamide, isoxaben, trifluralin, and flumioxazin were evaluated, as well as sprayed Surflan AS (oryzalin), Devrinol 50-DF (napropamide), Barricade 4FL (prodiamine), and Gallery 75DF (isoxaben). Herbicides were applied to recently filled containers and irrigated with overhead sprinklers. Weed numbers were counted in each pot and weed shoot dry weight was measured at the conclusion of each study. Ronstar G (oxadiazon) at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4 lb ai/A) consistently provided the most effective control among all herbicides. Other granular herbicides containing oxadiazon were also effective. Surflan and Devrinol did not consistently reduce weed numbers as effectively as Ronstar G, however they did reduce subsequent growth of northern willowherb seedlings that were able to successfully establish. Gallery did not provide any control alone nor did it improve control when tank mixed with other products.

scholarly journals Adaptation of Trifolium repens × T. uniflorum hybrid clovers to drought stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Keith Widdup ◽  
Shirley Nichols ◽  
Warren Williams ◽  
Isabelle Verry ◽  
Ben Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Backcross Generation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

Abstract White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is valued for its contribution to pasture quality and utilisation by animals, compatibility with grass, and fixation of nitrogen. However, it is limited by poor adaptation to drought. Hybridisation with Trifolium uniflorum L. may have potential to improve the drought resistance of white clover. An experiment in a rain shelter facility with contrasting moisture treatments, and a field evaluation under dryland conditions, were used to compare the agronomic potential of these interspecific hybrids (ISH) with white clover in moisture limited conditions. In the rain shelter experiment, there were smaller effects of water stress on shoot dry weight (DW), leaf area, internode length and senescence of first backcross generation hybrids compared with white clover and second backcross generation hybrids. Differences in photosynthetic responses were possibly influenced by the effect of root DW allocation on water uptake. In the field evaluation, growth scores of a wider range of hybrid families during summer moisture stress concurred with the results under water stress in the rain shelter. Growth of some ISH families outperformed the best white clover cultivars, particularly in the third and most stressful summer and this result was a key performance indicator of the value of the hybrids for drought prone areas. These findings using early, unselected, hybrid populations indicate the potential for further selection of elite, adapted cultivars from ISH breeding strategies. Keywords: Interspecific clover hybrid, drought resistance, rain shelter, field evaluation

scholarly journals Automated Irrigation Control for Improved Growth and Quality of Gardenia jasminoides ‘Radicans’ and ‘August Beauty’

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Bayer ◽  
John Ruter ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Sustainable use of water resources is of increasing importance in container plant production as a result of decreasing water availability and an increasing number of laws and regulations regarding nursery runoff. Soil moisture sensor-controlled, automated irrigation can be used to irrigate when substrate volumetric water content (θ) drops below a threshold, improving irrigation efficiency by applying water only as needed. We compared growth of two Gardenia jasminoides cultivars, slow-growing and challenging ‘Radicans’ and easier, fast-growing ‘August Beauty’, at various θ thresholds. Our objective was to determine how irrigation can be applied more efficiently without negatively affecting plant quality, allowing for cultivar-specific guidelines. Soil moisture sensor-controlled, automated irrigation was used to maintain θ thresholds of 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, or 0.50 m3·m−3. Growth of both cultivars was related to θ threshold, and patterns of growth were similar in both Watkinsville and Tifton, GA. High mortality was observed at the 0.20-m3·m−3 threshold with poor root establishment resulting from the low irrigation volume. Height, width, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf size were greater for the 0.40 and 0.50 m3·m−3 than the 0.20 and 0.30-m3·m−3 θ thresholds. Irrigation volume increased with increasing θ thresholds for both cultivars. For ‘August Beauty’, cumulative irrigation volume ranged from 0.96 to 63.21 L/plant in Tifton and 1.89 to 87.9 L/plant in Watkinsville. For ‘Radicans’, cumulative irrigation volume ranged from 1.32 to 126 L/plant in Tifton and from 1.38 to 261 L/plant in Watkinsville. There was a large irrigation volume difference between the 0.40 and 0.50-m3·m−3 θ thresholds with little additional growth, suggesting that the additional irrigation applied led to overirrigation and leaching. Bud and flower number of ‘Radicans’ were greatest for the 0.40-m3·m−3 θ threshold, indicating that overirrigation can reduce flowering. The results of this study show that growth of the different G. jasminoides cultivars responded similarly to θ threshold at both locations. Similarities in growth and differences in irrigation volume at the 0.40 and 0.50-m3·m−3 θ thresholds show that more efficient irrigation can be used without negatively impacting growth.

scholarly journals Variation in waterlogging response among ecotypes of Trifolium subterraneum ssp. yanninicum and their relationships with site of origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gereltsetseg Enkhbat ◽  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Phillip G. H. Nichols ◽  
Kevin J. Foster ◽  
Yoshiaki Inukai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Length Reduction

Abstract Background and AimsIn the annual pasture legume Trifolium subterraneum, ssp. yanninicum exhibits higher waterlogging tolerance than ssp. brachycalycinum and ssp. subterraneum. This study investigates waterlogging tolerance within ssp. yanninicum ecotypes and explores correlations with seedling phenotypic traits and site of origin eco-geographic variables.MethodsTwenty eight diverse ssp. yanninicum ecotypes collected from the Mediterranean region and four cultivars were grown in a controlled environment glasshouse. After 14 days of growth seedling traits were measured. After 21 days of growth, free-drained (control) and waterlogged treatments were imposed for 28 days. Eco-geographic variables were generated from ‘WorldClim’ using collection site locations.ResultsUnder waterlogging, shoot relative growth rate (RGR) ranged from 87–108% and root RGR ranged from 80–116% of controls. Waterlogging reduced shoot dry weight (DW) in four of 32 genotypes, while root DW was reduced in 13 genotypes. Leaf size was maintained, or even increased, under waterlogging in 31 genotypes. However, petiole length was more affected by waterlogging and has value as a waterlogging tolerance indicator. Waterlogging tolerance was not significantly correlated with seedling DW, flowering time or precipitation at the site of origin, while shoot growth under waterlogging had a positive correlation with summer temperatures at origin.ConclusionsGenotypes of ssp. yanninicum tolerated transient waterlogging and greater tolerance was observed among ecotypes, rather than cultivars. An easy-to-measure indicator of tolerance was found in petiole length reduction. This study highlights untapped genotypic variability for breeders to improve the productivity and persistence of ssp. yanninicum under waterlogging.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral During the Seedling Stage Influences Subsequent Growth and Flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1336-1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Pramuk ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Plant Quality ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Light Integral

The photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) dramatically increases during the spring when the majority of bedding plants are commercially produced. However, the effects of DLI on seedling growth and development have not been well characterized for most bedding plant species. Our objectives were to quantify the effects of DLI on growth and development of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola during the seedling stage and determine whether there were any residual effects of DLI on subsequent growth and development after transplant. Seedlings were grown in growth chambers for 18 to 26 days at 21 °C with a DLI ranging from 4.1 to 14.2 mol·m–2·d–1. Average seedling shoot dry weight per internode (a measure of quality) increased linearly 64%, 47%, 64%, and 68% within this DLI range in Celosia, Impatiens, Tagetes, and Viola, respectively. Seedlings were then transplanted to 10-cm containers and grown in a common environment (average daily temperature of 22 °C and DLI of 8.5 mol·m–2·d–1) to determine subsequent effects on plant growth and development. Flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola occurred 10, 12, 11, 4, and 12 days earlier, respectively, when seedlings were previously grown under the highest DLI compared with the lowest. Except for Viola, earlier flowering corresponded with the development of fewer nodes below the first flower. Flower bud number and plant shoot dry weight at first flowering (plant quality parameters) decreased as the seedling DLI increased in all species except for flower number of Tagetes. Therefore, seedlings grown under a greater DLI flowered earlier, but plant quality at first flowering was generally reduced compared with that of seedlings grown under a lower DLI.

scholarly journals Do Cell Size and Age Influence Growth and Yield of Containerized Onion Transplants?

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 597f-597
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Charles S. Vavrina
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Large Size

The effect of cell volume and age of `Texas Grano 1015Y' onion transplants on survival, growth, and yield were evaluated. Transplant ages and cell volume were 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks (W) and 6.5 cm3 and 20.0 cm3 in Florida; and 6, 8, 10, and 12W, and 4.0 and 7.1 cm3 in Texas. In Florida, total yields were unaffected by transplant age and cell volume, but jumbo size bulbs increased with increasing age from 5 to 9W in 6.5 cm3 cells. Bulb size increased significantly for 11W transplants only in 20.0 cm3 cells. In Texas, survival was reduced for 6W compared to ≥8W transplants. At planting, root count increased linearly with age. Cell volume did not affect root count, plant height, or leaf number, but shoot dry weight was greater in 7.1 cm3 compared to 4.0 cm3. Total jumbo and large size yields were highest for ≥10W in 7. 1 cm3 and ≥8W in 4.0 cm3 cells. Total yields were unaffected by cell size but seedlings in 4.0 cm3 had a 16% decrease of jumbo size compared to 7.1 cm3. The use of 10 and 12W transplants produced in small cell sizes may be viable for onion establishment.

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