scholarly journals Variation in waterlogging response among ecotypes of Trifolium subterraneum ssp. yanninicum and their relationships with site of origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gereltsetseg Enkhbat ◽  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Phillip G. H. Nichols ◽  
Kevin J. Foster ◽  
Yoshiaki Inukai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Length Reduction

Abstract Background and AimsIn the annual pasture legume Trifolium subterraneum, ssp. yanninicum exhibits higher waterlogging tolerance than ssp. brachycalycinum and ssp. subterraneum. This study investigates waterlogging tolerance within ssp. yanninicum ecotypes and explores correlations with seedling phenotypic traits and site of origin eco-geographic variables.MethodsTwenty eight diverse ssp. yanninicum ecotypes collected from the Mediterranean region and four cultivars were grown in a controlled environment glasshouse. After 14 days of growth seedling traits were measured. After 21 days of growth, free-drained (control) and waterlogged treatments were imposed for 28 days. Eco-geographic variables were generated from ‘WorldClim’ using collection site locations.ResultsUnder waterlogging, shoot relative growth rate (RGR) ranged from 87–108% and root RGR ranged from 80–116% of controls. Waterlogging reduced shoot dry weight (DW) in four of 32 genotypes, while root DW was reduced in 13 genotypes. Leaf size was maintained, or even increased, under waterlogging in 31 genotypes. However, petiole length was more affected by waterlogging and has value as a waterlogging tolerance indicator. Waterlogging tolerance was not significantly correlated with seedling DW, flowering time or precipitation at the site of origin, while shoot growth under waterlogging had a positive correlation with summer temperatures at origin.ConclusionsGenotypes of ssp. yanninicum tolerated transient waterlogging and greater tolerance was observed among ecotypes, rather than cultivars. An easy-to-measure indicator of tolerance was found in petiole length reduction. This study highlights untapped genotypic variability for breeders to improve the productivity and persistence of ssp. yanninicum under waterlogging.

Effect of waterlogging and soil pH on the micro-distribution of naturalised annual legumes

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Gibberd ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Patchy Distribution ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Treatment

Variation in the size and composition of the soil seed bank of 3 naturalised legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), and cluster clover (T. glomeratum L.), was related to soil characteristics on a transect that ascended from a winter waterlogged area in a wheatbelt pasture. Growth of the 3 species was compared with other species from section Vesicaria (T. resupinatum and T. clusii) in waterlogged and freely drained pots for 34 days. Of the 3 naturalised legumes present in the transect, cluster clover was rare, and woolly and subterranean clovers were separated on the basis of their response to soil pH and the likelihood of winter waterlogging. Subterranean clover was absent from soil with pH > 7·0; these areas were dominated by woolly clover. Areas with pH < 7·0 were dominated by subterranean clover, except where winter waterlogging was likely, in which case they were once again dominated by woolly clover. The waterlogging tolerance of woolly clover, together with that of other species in section Vesicaria, was confirmed in the pot experiment. After 34 days, shoot dry weight of the waterlogged Vesicaria species was an average of 39% greater than the freely drained controls. Root length continued to increase for the duration of the waterlogging treatment with much of the new root growth as laterals. Conversely, shoot and root growth in subterranean and cluster clovers was severely reduced by waterlogging. The patchy distribution of woolly clover in many wheatbelt pastures can be explained by its response to high pH and winter waterlogging compared with subterranean clover.

The significance of petiole length, leaf area, and light interception in competition between strains of subterrranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown in swards

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Petiole Elongation ◽  
Light Profiles

Three strains of subterranean clover differing in leaf development were grown in pure swards and in all combinations in mixtures. The strain Yarloop has relatively few large leaves held on long petioles; Tallarook has many small leaves and short petioles; Bacchus Marsh is intermediate in all these respects. The swards were grown in boxes and were sampled on four occasions during the period of vegetative growth. Leaf area in each 2 cm layer of the sward was determined separately, and for both strains in the mixed swards, and measurements of the light intensity reaching each layer were obtained. Root weights were determined for all swards and separately for each component of the mixed swards. Examination of the dry weights showed that the growth of the strain having the lesser petiole elongation was suppressed. In the extreme instance Tallarook was so suppressed when grown with Yarloop that in the final inter-sampling period it grew completely in the dark, and lost about half its dry weight. Bacchus Marsh also suppressed Tallarook, but to a lesser extent, while Bacchus Marsh was itself suppressed in competition with Yarloop. The amount of light energy intercepted by the two components of the mixed swards was calculated from the leaf area and light profiles, and confirmed the importance of the spatial distribution of leaves in plant competition. It was concluded that, in the absence of defoliation, the success of a strain under competition was associated with its potential petiole elongation.

Integration among ramets of Trifolium repens

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Turkington ◽  
Elena Klein
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Neighbour Effects ◽  
Stolon Length

Cuttings of Trifolium repens were grown in pots without neighbours. When individual interconnected stolons from these cuttings were directed into adjacent pots so that daughter ramets were growing with different grass neighbours, these neighbouring grasses had dissimilar effects on leaf number, leaf size, percent branching of nodes, stolon length, and shoot dry weight. When the T. repens cuttings were grown in pots with neighbours, the effects of different grass neighbours on subsequent growth of stolons and ramets evened out. Key words: integration, clone, ramet, neighbour effects, Trifolium repens.

scholarly journals QTL underlying iron toxicity tolerance at seedling stage in backcross recombinant inbred lines (BRILs) population of rice using high density genetic map

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 12158
Author(s):  
Adnan RASHEED ◽  
Ghulam M. WASSAN ◽  
Hira KHANZADA ◽  
Abdul M. SOLANGI ◽  
Muhammad AAMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Density ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Difference ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Qtl Pyramiding ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Fe Toxicity

Fe is a trace element considered to be essential for rice, and it drives several metabolic processes. Fe toxicity occurs due to excessive Fe ions (Fe2+) and which, disturb cellular homeostasis and dramatically reduces the rice yield. A set of 118 BRILs made from a cross of japonica cv.’02428’ and indica ‘Changhui 891’ was used with high density bin map constructed by using high quality SNP to identify the QTL for Fe toxicity tolerance. As a whole total of 23 QTL were identified for various seedling traits, 3 under control with phenotypic difference ranging from 14.21% to 62.46%, 11 QTL under stress with phenotypic difference ranging from 7.89% to 47.39% and 9 under stressed/control ratio with phenotypic variance ranging from 9.17% to 183.50%. LOD values of QTL ranging from 4.05 to 17.04 in control, 3.41 to 8.09 in stress and 2.84 to131.63 in stress/control ratio. Shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and root dry weight (RDW), were used to estimate the degree of Fe tolerance. Many stable QTL, qSSDW-4, qSSDW-6, qRSDW-4 and qRSDW-6 affecting SDW were detected and beside this some new QTL, qRSFW-1, qRRFW-10 and qRRDW-1 were successfully identified significantly contributing to Fe toxicity tolerance in rice. The results of current study indicated that these novel regions could be transferred via markers assisted section and QTL pyramiding to develop Fe resistant lines in rice.

scholarly journals Screening of indigenous rhizobacteria as potential biological control against faba bean (Vicia faba L.) gall disease caused by Olpidium viciae

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Dugassa ◽  
Tesfaye Alemu ◽  
Yitbarek Woldehawariat
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Early Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract Background Emerged faba bean gall disease attacks the stem and leaves of the plant and results in complete crop losses. This study was initiated to screen multi-trait rhizobacteria for their antagonistic efficacy under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions against Olpidium viciae to control the effect of gall disease on faba bean. Sixty antagonistic isolates were first examined for their morphological, biochemical, and phenotypic traits. Results Pseudomonas fluorescens AAUPF62, P. aeruginosa AAUS31, Bacillus AAUMF42, and Bacillus AAUAm28 showed greater than 68, 62, 57, and 54% suppression of O. viciae in dual culture, volatile metabolites, culture filtrate assay, and detached leaves experiments, respectively. The in-vivo study revealed that early treatment of the crop with P. aeruginosa AAUS31 reduced severity by 63% (in FB-Obse) and 54% (in FB-26869) faba bean varieties. The co-inoculation of P. fluorescens AAUPF62 and P. aeruginosa AAUS31 significantly enhanced the shoot (P = 0.003; mean = 122 cm) and root (P = 0.018; mean = 94 cm) length, increased shoot dry weight by 8 factors (83 g pot −1), and reduced final disease severity by 92% in FB-Obse variety. Conclusions The results revealed that P. fluorescens AAUPF62 and P. aeruginosa AAUS31 strains could be the potential antagonistic agents of gall disease. The use and early treatment of moderately resistant faba bean varieties by co-inoculation of synergistic potential bioagents were recommended.

scholarly journals Automated Irrigation Control for Improved Growth and Quality of Gardenia jasminoides ‘Radicans’ and ‘August Beauty’

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Bayer ◽  
John Ruter ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensor ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
Irrigation Volume

Sustainable use of water resources is of increasing importance in container plant production as a result of decreasing water availability and an increasing number of laws and regulations regarding nursery runoff. Soil moisture sensor-controlled, automated irrigation can be used to irrigate when substrate volumetric water content (θ) drops below a threshold, improving irrigation efficiency by applying water only as needed. We compared growth of two Gardenia jasminoides cultivars, slow-growing and challenging ‘Radicans’ and easier, fast-growing ‘August Beauty’, at various θ thresholds. Our objective was to determine how irrigation can be applied more efficiently without negatively affecting plant quality, allowing for cultivar-specific guidelines. Soil moisture sensor-controlled, automated irrigation was used to maintain θ thresholds of 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, or 0.50 m3·m−3. Growth of both cultivars was related to θ threshold, and patterns of growth were similar in both Watkinsville and Tifton, GA. High mortality was observed at the 0.20-m3·m−3 threshold with poor root establishment resulting from the low irrigation volume. Height, width, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and leaf size were greater for the 0.40 and 0.50 m3·m−3 than the 0.20 and 0.30-m3·m−3 θ thresholds. Irrigation volume increased with increasing θ thresholds for both cultivars. For ‘August Beauty’, cumulative irrigation volume ranged from 0.96 to 63.21 L/plant in Tifton and 1.89 to 87.9 L/plant in Watkinsville. For ‘Radicans’, cumulative irrigation volume ranged from 1.32 to 126 L/plant in Tifton and from 1.38 to 261 L/plant in Watkinsville. There was a large irrigation volume difference between the 0.40 and 0.50-m3·m−3 θ thresholds with little additional growth, suggesting that the additional irrigation applied led to overirrigation and leaching. Bud and flower number of ‘Radicans’ were greatest for the 0.40-m3·m−3 θ threshold, indicating that overirrigation can reduce flowering. The results of this study show that growth of the different G. jasminoides cultivars responded similarly to θ threshold at both locations. Similarities in growth and differences in irrigation volume at the 0.40 and 0.50-m3·m−3 θ thresholds show that more efficient irrigation can be used without negatively impacting growth.

Salinity and waterlogging tolerance amongst accessions of messina (Melilotus siculus)

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Rogers ◽  
T. D. Colmer ◽  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
S. J. Hughes ◽  
K. Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Root Porosity ◽  
Good Tolerance ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Volume

Melilotus siculus (common name messina) has shown potential as a productive annual forage legume in saline and waterlogged areas in temperate Australia. The salt and waterlogging tolerances of 30 M. siculus accessions were evaluated at germination and as established plants. Many accessions germinated at 240 mm NaCl, but germination was <15% at 320 mm NaCl. In vegetative plants, accessions differed in the degree of growth reduction at 300 mm NaCl, with some producing >90%, but others <20%, of non-saline controls. A negative relationship (r = 0.47, P < 0.001) was found between dry weight under non-saline conditions and relative salt tolerance (i.e. salt-treated as % of controls). Concentrations of Cl– and Na+ in shoots of all accessions increased significantly with increasing NaCl in the medium, although these differed among accessions. No relationships were found between shoot Cl–, Na+, or K+ concentrations and relative salt tolerance at 300 mm NaCl, whereas net K+ : Na+ selectivity to shoots was positively correlated with relative salt tolerance (r = 0.30, P = 0.1). All accessions showed good tolerance to stagnant, O2-deficient conditions in the root medium, and shoot growth was not reduced by >20% in any accession. Root porosity (% gas volume/root volume) in both the main and lateral roots increased in all accessions when in stagnant medium, but accessions differed in root porosity. Lateral root porosity was not, however, correlated with either shoot dry weight or root dry weight in stagnant conditions. No single accession of M. siculus had the highest tolerance to saline conditions both at germination and the vegetative stage, but some accessions (e.g. SA 40002 and SA 40004) performed consistently well under saline and waterlogged conditions. Further research and selection is warranted on these accessions with the aim to release a cultivar.

Root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla and Banksia brownii after the application of the fungicide phosphite

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Barrett ◽  
B. L. Shearer ◽  
G. E. St J. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Abnormalities

The effects of low-volume foliar application (24, 48, 96 kg ha–1) of phosphite on root and shoot development in Corymbia calophylla Lindley and Banksia brownii ex R.Br. were investigated in a glasshouse study. Shoot growth, root and shoot dry weight and root length were not significantly reduced by phosphite application in C. calophylla 2 weeks and 4 months after phosphite application. Shoot growth, shoot dry weight and root length were not significantly reduced in the non-mycorrhizal B. brownii. However, in plants treated with 24 and 96 kg ha–1, root dry weight was significantly reduced 4 months but not 2 weeks after spray. A discoloration of the root stele was also observed in phosphite-treated plants of this species. At 2 weeks after spray, root concentrations of phosphite in C. calophylla were up to five times higher than shoot concentrations. At 4 months after application, growth abnormalities were observed in B. brownii and these included spindly new shoot growth with rosetted foliage of reduced leaf size. The results of this study, which assessed one mycorrhizal and one non-mycorrhizal native species, suggest that species may vary in their response to phosphite in terms of root development and phosphite applied at rates of 24 kg ha–1 or higher may result in reduced root growth, particularly in non-mycorrhizal species. Further studies on root development in a wider range of species are needed to validate these findings.

scholarly journals ACCESSING POTENTIAL OF SEEDLING TRAITS FOR SCREENING OF WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER DROUGHT CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Seedling Traits ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Drought Conditions

Drought stress causes considerable decrease in wheat yield especially in developing countries like Pakistan. In current study, seedling traits i.e., root length, shoot length, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root to shoot (length) ratio were selected to find their effectiveness in evaluating drought tolerance of wheat genotypes. It was found that different genotypes showed different response under normal and drought conditions as mean squares for genotypes were significant. When plant is exposed to stress, it tries to overcome the stress by adopting different strategies like extending root system to reach the deep soil water. Increase in stress causes reduction in both root and shoot length. Genotypes named Faisalabad-08, Sehar-06, 9633, 9507 and lasani-08 showed maximum and high root length under normal conditions but their root length decreased drastically when exposed to drought environment. Because of their behavior they are tagged as drought susceptible genotypes. Genotypes Chakwal-86, Ass-11, Manthar-2003, Miraj 2008, Chakwal-50, 9488, 9805, 9859, 9512 and 9637 showed high values for root length under drought condition and while comparing their performance under both the environments i.e., normal and drought, their root length decreased non-significantly. So these genotypes are tagged as drought tolerant genotypes.

scholarly journals SPUNBONDED FABRIC COVERS ALTER EARLY SEASON GROWTH AND FRUIT SET IN CRANBERRY

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1105c-1105
Author(s):  
Elden J. Stang ◽  
John Klueh
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Polypropylene Fabric ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Spunbonded polypropylene fabric covers were applied over mature `Searles' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. in the field during dormancy in 1989. Covers were selectively removed at 3 week intervals in April, May and early June after onset of growth. Plant canopy air temperatures under fabric were 5 to 6C higher than in exposed controls. Temperature differences up to 17C were measured in early June. Soil temperatures did not differ from the control until late May. Earlier greening of leaf tissue resulted in increased photosynthetic rates earlier in the growing season under fabric covers. Subsequent shoot dry weight was increased 5%; leaf size was not affected. A trend to increased fruit set (4 to 6%) with fabric cover treatments was observed when covers were applied for 6 or 9 weeks. Total fruit yield and anthocyanin content were not appreciably influenced by fabric covers.

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