Phenology of tree seedlings in relation to seed size

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Seiwa ◽  
Kihachiro Kikuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Light Limitation ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Leaf Turnover ◽  
Leaf Dynamics

Vertical growth patterns and leaf dynamics of seedlings of 31 deciduous broad-leaved tree species with different seed sizes were examined under either open or shaded conditions. Seed size positively affected initial seedling height and leaf longevity, and negatively affected duration of leaf emergence and leaf-turnover rate. Large-seeded species completed shoot elongation and almost all of their annual leaf production in a short period, irrespective of shading. Small-seeded species attained maximum heights similar to those of large-seeded species under open conditions by having a longer duration of leaf emergence, higher resource allocation to leaf production, and rapid leaf turnover. However, leaf-production and leaf-turnover rates were reduced by shading for small-seeded species, a trait that resulted in lower final seedling heights for small- versus large-seeded species. In small-seeded species, maximum seedling growth was attained only under open conditions through changes in the phenology of leaf dynamics. In contrast, growth of large-seeded species was independent of the effect of light limitation. The importance of seed size in determining seedling establishment success depends on the relationships between seasonal change of environmental light conditions and characteristics of seedling phenology, which are related to seed size. Key words: seed size, tree seedlings, leaf dynamics, phenology, establishment strategies.

scholarly journals Development rate, flower growth and production of Anthurium.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
D. Klapwijk ◽  
H.J.H. van der Spek
Keyword(s):  
Additional Data ◽  
Development Rate ◽  
Abortion Rate ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Flower Growth ◽  
June July

Data on leaf plastochron, flower growth and bud abortion in greenhouse-grown A. andreanum were collected from a commercial nursery throughout the year, and additional data were obtained from growers. The leaf plastochron duration was fairly constant from Mar. until Sep. at an average of 72 days. Around 10 Oct. the duration was more than doubled. It then decreased linearly to 72 days again, resulting in high leaf production around Apr. Leaf plastochron seemed to be related to radiation but daylength was probably not involved, as leaf emergence continued during winter. The longest period between flower emergence and flower harvest was around 21 Dec. and the shortest in June-July. Flower production fluctuated strongly, with a minimum in Mar. and a maximum in the second half of June. This maximum was related to the high leaf production in Feb.-Mar. The low production in Mar. was the result of a high abortion rate (near 100%) of flower buds in Dec. The year-round average abortion rate was about 50%. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Plant traits and environment: floating leaf blade production and turnover of waterlilies

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Klok ◽  
Gerard van der Velde
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Nuphar Lutea ◽  
Nymphaea Alba ◽  
Floating Leaves ◽  
Floating Leaf

Floating leaf blades of waterlilies fulfill several functions in wetland ecosystems by production, decomposition and turnover as well as exchange processes. Production and turnover rates of floating leaf blades of three waterlily species, Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm., Nymphaea alba L. and Nymphaea candida Presl, were studied in three freshwater bodies, differing in trophic status, pH and alkalinity. Length and percentages of leaf loss of marked leaf blades were measured weekly during the growing season. Area and biomass were calculated based on leaf length and were used to calculate the turnover rate of floating leaf blades. Seasonal changes in floating leaf production showed that values decreased in the order: Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea candida. The highest production was reached for Nuphar lutea and Nymphaea alba in alkaline, eutrophic water bodies. The production per leaf was relatively high for both species in the acid water body. Nymphaea candida showed a very short vegetation period and low turnover rates. The ratio Total potential leaf biomass/Maximum potential leaf biomass (P/Bmax) of the three species ranged from 1.35–2.25. The ratio Vegetation period (Period with floating leaves)/Mean leaf life span ranged from 2.94–4.63, the ratio Growth period (Period with appearance of new floating leaves)/Vegetation period from 0.53–0.73. The clear differences between Nymphaea candida versus Nuphar lutea and Nymphaea alba, may be due to adaptations of Nymphaea candida to an Euro-Siberic climate with short-lasting summer conditions.

scholarly journals Red hot maples: Acer rubrum first-year phenology and growth responses to soil warming

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Wheeler ◽  
N.M. Gonzalez ◽  
K.A. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Trade Offs

Microhabitat environmental conditions are an important filter for seedling establishment, controlling the availability of optimal recruitment sites. Understanding how tree seedlings respond to warming soil temperature is critical for predicting population recruitment in the future hardwood forests of northeastern North America, particularly as environmental conditions and thus optimal microhabitat availabilities change. We examined the effect of soil warming of 5 °C during the first growing season on germination, survival, phenology, growth, and stem and root biomass allocation in Acer rubrum L. (red maple) seedlings. While there was no effect of soil warming on germination or survival, seedlings growing in warmer soils demonstrated significantly accelerated leaf expansion, delayed autumn leaf senescence, and an extended leaf production period. Further, seedlings growing in warmer soils showed larger leaf area and stem and root structures at the end of the first growing season, with no evidence of biomass allocation trade-offs. Results suggest that A. rubrum seedlings can capitalize on soil warming by adjusting leaf phenology and leaf production, resulting in a longer period of carbon uptake and leading to higher overall biomass. The absence of growth allocation trade-offs suggests that A. rubrum will respond positively to increasing soil temperatures in northeastern forests, at least in the early life stages.

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ANISOCOTYLY IN HABERLEA RHODOPENSIS AND RAMONDA MYCONI

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-391
Author(s):  
B.-H. Huang ◽  
K. Nishii ◽  
C.-N. Wang ◽  
M. Möller
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
New World ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Haberlea Rhodopensis ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Irregular Growth ◽  
Basal Meristem ◽  
Ramonda Myconi

Anisocotyly, the unequal development of cotyledons post germination, is a unique trait observed only in Old World Gesneriaceae (Lamiales). New World Gesneriaceae have isocotylous seedlings. In both Old and New World Gesneriaceae, cotyledons initially grow equally for a short period just after germination. In the New World species, both cotyledons cease their growth at the same time early on, whereas in Old World species one cotyledon continues to expand to become a macrocotyledon while the other withers away. In this study, cotyledon growth was observed in two European Old World Gesneriaceae: Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi. The results were compared with those for the typical anisocotylous species Streptocarpus rexii and the typical isocotylous species Corytoplectus speciosus. We found that the cotyledon growth patterns in Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi were intermediate between the typical anisocotylous or isocotylous species. Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi showed irregular growth patterns, with some plants being slightly anisocotylous but most being isocotylous. The developmental basis for the residual anisocotyly, the extended basal meristem activity in the macrocotyledon, appeared to be identical in the European species to that in the typical Old World Streptocarpus rexii but weakly expressed, rare and terminated early. In conclusion, European Gesneriaceae retain a reduced anisocotylous growth that may be linked to their early plumule development.

scholarly journals Survival and growth of tree seedlings as a function of seed size in a gallery forest under restoration

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Gallo Macera ◽  
Silvia Rahe Pereira ◽  
Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Gallery Forest ◽  
Survival And Growth

scholarly journals Light alters the impacts of nitrogen and foliar pathogens on the performance of early successional tree seedlings

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11587
Author(s):  
Alexander Brown ◽  
Robert W. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
High Light ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Forest Understory ◽  
Light Limitation ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Foliar Damage

Light limitation is a major driver of succession and an important determinant of the performance of shade-intolerant tree seedlings. Shade intolerance may result from a resource allocation strategy characterized by rapid growth and high metabolic costs, which may make shade-intolerant species particularly sensitive to nutrient limitation and pathogen pressure. In this study, we evaluated the degree to which nitrogen availability and fungal pathogen pressure interact to influence plant performance across different light environments. To test this, we manipulated nitrogen availability (high, low) and access by foliar fungal pathogens (sprayed with fungicide, unsprayed) to seedlings of the shade-intolerant tree, Liquidambar styraciflua, growing at low and high light availability, from forest understory to adjacent old field. Foliar fungal damage varied with light and nitrogen availability; in low light, increasing nitrogen availability tripled foliar damage, suggesting that increased nutrient availability in low light makes plants more susceptible to disease. Despite higher foliar damage under low light, spraying fungicide to exclude pathogens promoted 14% greater plant height only under high light conditions. Thus, although nitrogen availability and pathogen pressure each influenced aspects of plant performance, these effects were context dependent and overwhelmed by light limitation. This suggests that failure of shade-intolerant species to invade closed-canopy forest can be explained by light limitation alone.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of seed size, germination, and vegetative allocation in annual and herbaceous perennial crops and their wild relatives in Lupinus and Phaseolus (Fabaceae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sterling A. Herron ◽  
Matthew J. Rubin ◽  
Claudia Ciotir ◽  
Timothy E. Crews ◽  
David L. Van Tassel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Herbaceous Perennial

ABSTRACTHerbaceous perennial species are receiving increased attention for their potential to provide both edible products and ecosystem services in agricultural systems. Many legumes (Fabaceae Lindl.) are of special interest due to nitrogen fixation carried out by bacteria in their roots and their production of protein-rich, edible seeds. However, herbaceous perennial legumes have yet to enter widespread use as pulse crops, and the response of wild, herbaceous, perennial species to artificial selection for increased seed yield remains under investigation. Here we compare cultivated and wild accessions of congeneric annual and herbaceous perennial legume species to investigate associations of lifespan and cultivation with seed size, germination, and first year vegetative growth patterns, and to characterize covariation among traits. We use “cultivated” to describe accessions with a history of human planting and use, which encompasses a continuum of domestication. Analyses focused on three annual and eight perennial Lupinus species, and three annual and four perennial Phaseolus species. We found a significant association of both lifespan and cultivation status with seed size (weight, area, length), germination proportion, node number, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass. Wild seed size was greater in annuals for Lupinus and greater for perennials in Phaseolus. Germination was lower in wild perennials than wild annuals in both genera, and vegetative allocation was roughly equivalent across lifespans in wild Phaseolus. Relative to wild forms, both cultivated annual and cultivated perennial accessions exhibited greater seed size, lower germination proportion, and larger overall plant size. Seed size traits were positively correlated with vegetative growth traits, and all biomass traits examined here were positively correlated. This study highlights some basic similarities and differences between annual and herbaceous perennial legumes, and provides insights into how perennial legumes might respond to artificial selection compared to annual species.

Stem anatomy at various developmental stages of secondary growth in Turbina corymbosa (Convolvulaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj M. Lekhak ◽  
Amit D. Gondaliya ◽  
Shrirang R. Yadav ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Successive Cambia ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Background – Population growth of lianas in the tropical forest is credited to their ability of CO2 sequestration and efficiency of the narrow stems to supply water required for the amount of foliage it bears. Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. (Convolvulaceae Juss.) is one of the fast-growing invasive species of scrambling woody lianas. It covers trees entirely within a short period to compete with above-ground resources (particularly sunlight). However, no information is available on how it manages to cope up with an increasing demand of water supply and mineral nutrients. What are the structural and developmental patterns adapted by this species to expand the stem diameter for efficient supply of below-ground resources? Therefore, our aim was to investigate the secondary growth patterns and structure of secondary xylem and phloem in T. corymbosa.Methods – Several samples of the stem with various diameters were studied using a histological method. Morphological and anatomical analyses were carried out using light microscopy.Key results – With the initiation of secondary growth, stems lose their circular outline rapidly due to unequal deposition of secondary xylem and formation of successive cambia. New successive cambia initiate from parenchymatous cells as small crescent-shaped fragments on asymmetric/opposite sides and result in a different stem conformation. Though several segments of successive cambia are formed, very few stem samples form complete cambium rings. The secondary xylem formed by successive cambia is diffuse porous with indistinct growth rings and is composed of both wide and narrow (fibriform) vessels, tracheids, fibres, axial and ray parenchyma cells. The secondary phloem consists of sieve tube elements, companion cells, axial and ray parenchyma cells. In fully grown plants, cambial action (internal cambium) occurrs between the intraxylary phloem and protoxylem and produces secondary xylem and phloem near the pith region.Conclusion – Structural alterations and unequal deposition of conducting elements, occurrence of intraxylary phloem and flattening of the stem are suggested to facilitate rapid growth of the plants by providing required minerals and nutrients. Internal cambium formed at the periphery of the pith is bidirectional and produces secondary xylem externally and intraxylary phloem internally. Continued development of intraxylary phloem from the internal cambium provides an additional path for rapid and safe translocation of photosynthates.

The influence of seed size and seeding rate on the growth of two strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
EH Lawson ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Net Assimilation

The results of a field experiment are presented in which large and small seeds of two strains of subterranean clover, Dwalganup and Mt. Barker, were sown at equal weights of viable seed per unit area. Two seeding rates were examined, and four harvests made during the winter-early spring period. The general conclusion is drawn that seed size has no effect on the growth rate of a subterranean clover sward, provided that sowing rate is held constant. It was found that the earlier strain Dwalganup outyielded the mid-season Mt. Barker strain in terms of total tops weight per unit area, although leaf production was higher in the mid-season strain. Root production, however, was consistently greater in Mt. Barker than in Dwalganup, and in fact total yields (of both tops and roots) were very slightly higher in the Mt. Barker strain. Growth rates are discussed in relation to net assimilation rates and leaf weights, and it is suggested that differences in root weight ratios between subterranean clover strains have not received adequate attention in the past.

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