Self-compatibility, autonomous self-pollination, and insect-mediated pollination in the clonal species Iris versicolor

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1503-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Kron ◽  
Steven C. Stewart ◽  
Allison Back
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Pollinator Behaviour ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Clonal Species

In clonal species, sexual and asexual systems interact to create a hierarchy of reproduction. For example, self-pollination can occur within pollination units, flowers, ramets, or clones. We investigated the reproductive biology of a natural population of Iris versicolor using pollination manipulations and observations of pollinator behaviour. We found that (i) individuals were completely self-compatible, (ii) selfing rates were close to 100%, (iii) autonomous self-pollination can occur through stigma–anther contact or wind action, (iv) most seed and fruit set can be accounted for by insect pollination, and (v) facilitated self-pollination likely occurs because pollinators frequently visit more than one pollination unit within a flower. Our observations showed that flowers pass through three stages: (i) a male stage (in which pollen is freely available, but stigmas are inaccessible, preventing autogamy); (ii) a female stage (in which stigma flaps have reflexed and are receptive, but pollinators may have already removed most pollen grains, structuring opportunities for geitonogamy); and (iii) a strongly autogamous stage (in which stigma flaps have curled back to contact anthers, leading to delayed autonomous self-pollination). This hierarchy of relatedness among mates determines the genetic consequences of vegetative and sexual reproduction in clonal plants and influences their evolution. Key words: Iris, self-incompatibility, reproductive biology, clonal, pollination.

scholarly journals Self-Compatibility Crosses of Several Cocoa Clones

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agung Wahyu Susilo
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility

Self compatibility cross in cocoa is a useful criterion in utilizing germplasm collection. Evaluation of self-compatibility crosses on cocoa clones has been carried out in Kaliwining Experimental Station of ICCRI by treating artificial self-pollination. The observed clones were TSH 858, ICS 60, ICS 13, UIT 1, KW 162, KW 165, KW 163, DR 1, DR 2, DRC 16, DRC 15, KKM 22, Na 32, Na 33 and DR 38. Self-compatibility crosses were identified by percentage of fruit set evaluated during 6 consecutive weeks after pollination. The results showed that the percentage of fruit set were significantly different among clones in the range of 0—46.34%. Three groups of compatibility of cocoa clones were identified i.e. first, self-incompatible clones of DR 1, Na 32, Na 33; second, partially self compatible clones of DR 38, TSH 858, ICS 60, ICS 13, UIT 1, KW 162, KW 165, KKM 22; and third, self-compatible clones of DR 2, DRC 16,DRC 15, KW 163. Clones which perform self-incompatible and partially self-compatible furthermore can be used as female parents in the production of hybrids. Key words: self-compatibility, Theobroma cacao, clones.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of the plants from Aloaceae family in the greenhouse

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
M. Gaidarzhy
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Red Lists ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Succulent Plants

The article presents the results of the study of the reproductive biology of succulent plants of the Aloaceae family in the introduction. Representatives of the family are part of the collection of succulent plants of the O.V. Fomin Botanical Garden,which contains over 190 species, subspecies and hybrids of plants of three genera: Aloe Linne – 86, Haworthia Duval – 74, Gasteria Duval – 23 taxa. In addition, x Gasteraloe Guillaumin (Gasteria x Aloe), x Gasterhaworthia Guillaumin (Gasteria x Haworthia), x Astroworthia G.D Rowley (AstrolobaUitewaal x Haworthia). Most plant species are included in the international red lists. In the process of forming this part of the collection, the morphology of flowers, inflorescences and seeds was investigated, phenological observations of flowering and fruiting were conducted, methods of vegetative and seed reproduction of family members were developed. Phenological observations have shown that the main flowering period is the spring summer period, but Aloe under greenhouse conditions is characterized by two more peaks (August, December). We have found that, in addition to simple or complex tics, in the vast majority of species, Aloe haworthioides is characterized by inflorescences of ears; perianth shaped tubular or cylindrical, inherent in the vast majority of species and performs, in our opinion, a protective function. The flowering of a single flower takes place in three stages, providing a self-pollination effect that is characteristic of crop conditions only for certain Aloe species, and the viability of the pollen is closely related to the ambient temperature. Freshly harvested seeds obtained by self-pollination or cross-pollination have a sufficiently large germination, but if stored in any way after three months, the germination increases. We have proposed a method of increasing the viability of seeds of plants of the Aloaceae family 2.5-3 times and developed a method of vegetative propagation of representatives of the genera Haworthia and Gasteria leaf cuttings.

scholarly journals Poor fruit set due to lack of pollinators in Aristolochia manshuriensis (Aristolochiaceae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Olga V. Nakonechnaya ◽  
Olga G. Koren ◽  
Vasilii S. Sidorenko ◽  
Sergey A. Shabalin ◽  
Tatyana O. Markova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Aristolochia Manshuriensis

Background and aims – Interactions of insects with trap flowers of Aristolochia manshuriensis, a relic woody liana with fragmented natural populations from south-eastern Russia, were studied. Pollination experiments were conducted to identify the causes of the poor fruit set in this plant.Material and methods – The study was carried out at two ex situ sites within the natural range of A. manshuriensis in the suburban zone of the city of Vladivostok (Russia). The floral morphology was examined to verify how it may affect the process of pollination in this species. To test for a probability of self-pollination, randomly selected flowers at the female phase of anthesis (day 1 of limb opening) were hand-pollinated with pollen from the same plant. The daily insect visitation was studied. The pollen limitation coefficient and the number of visitors to the flowers were determined. To identify insects that lay eggs on the flowers, the insects were reared from eggs collected from fallen flowers. Both caught and reared insects were identified.Key results – The floral morphology and the colour pattern of A. manshuriensis are adapted to temporarily trap insects of a certain size. The hand-pollination experiment showed that flowers of this plant are capable of self-pollination by geitonogamy and require a pollinator for successful pollination. The positive value (2.64) for the pollen limitation coefficient indicates a higher fruit set after hand-pollination compared to the control without pollination. The number of visitors to the flowers was low (0.17 visitors per flower per day). Insects from three orders were observed on the flowers: Diptera (up to 90.9%), Coleoptera (8.3%), and Hymenoptera (0.8%). Four species of flies (Scaptomyza pallida, Drosophila transversa (Drosophilidae), Botanophila fugax, and Botanophila sp. 1 (Anthomyiidae)) are capable of transferring up to 2500–4000 pollen grains on their bodies and can be considered as pollinators of A. manshuriensis. Data of the rearing experiment indicate that flies of the families Drosophilidae (S. pallida, D. transversa), Chloropidae (Elachiptera tuberculifera, E. sibirica, and Conioscinella divitis), and Anthomyiidae (B. fugax, B. sp. 1) use A. manshuriensis flowers to lay eggs. Beetles were also collected from the flowers, but they were probably not involved in pollination, because no pollen grains were observed on them during our study.Conclusions – Pollinators of A. manshuriensis include mainly Diptera that lay eggs on the flowers. The poor fruit set (2%) in A. manshuriensis is associated with pollen limitation due to the lack of pollinators, as the number of visitors to flowers was extremely low. This may be due to the fact that the flowers of this species are highly specialized on insects of a certain size for pollination.

scholarly journals On the reproductive biology of Salacia fruticosa Wall. ex M.A. Lawson - an endemic medicinal plant of the Western Ghats, india

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 13002-13005
Author(s):  
K. Subin ◽  
P. A. Jose ◽  
T. V. Sarath
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Seedling Bank ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Endemic Medicinal Plant ◽  
The Western Ghats

Salacia fruticosa Wall. ex M.A. Lawson, an endemic species was studied for the reproductive biology as this species showed reduced fruit set and natural regeneration.  The stigma-anther proximity, an extremely low number of pollen grains, a short period of pollen viability, a sparse incidence of pollinators, protandrous and facultative autogamous nature of the flowers and a low percent in fruit set were identified as biological constraints for the species.  The incidence of seed pest was added to the poor seed and seedling bank and accelerated rarity process of the species.

scholarly journals Determination of Blooming, Pollen and Fruit Set Characteristics in Punica granatum

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1258-1263
Author(s):  
Deniz AKSOY ◽  
Zeynel DALKILIC
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
In The Beginning

The objective of this study was to investigate flowering, pollen, and fruit set characteristics of locally registered pomegranate cultivars between two consecutive years. ‘Dr. Ercan 35’, ‘Efenar 35’, ‘Kamilbey 35’, and ‘Tezeren 35’ cultivars have been developed by cross-breeding programs. Open-, cross-, and self-pollination studies were performed with these cultivars using three trees in each replicate in the field. Number of anthers per flower, number of pollen grains per anther, viability, and germination tests were conducted in the laboratory. Fruit set ratio of self-pollinated combinations were lower than open-pollination. The fruit set ratio from self-pollination was obtained from ‘Dr. Ercan’ (60.3%), ‘Efenar 35’ (62.4%), ‘Kamilbey 35’ (50.5%), and ‘Tezeren 35’ (25.2%). The highest fruit set ratio (49.7%) was obtained from ‘Kamilbey 35’ × ‘Dr. Ercan 35’ combination. The highest number of characteristics was as follows: ‘Tezeren 35’ (402 anthers/hermaphrodite flowers), ‘Kamilbey 35’ (8550 pollen/anther, male flowers in the beginning of flowering), ‘Efenar 35’ (84.7% pollen viability, hermaphrodite flowers), ‘Kamilbey 35’ (71.2%, pollen germination, hermaphrodite flowers). In conclusion, at least one, two or more, pollinator cultivars are necessary for commercial plantations using with these recently released pomegranate cultivars.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

scholarly journals Olive Fertility as Affected by Cross-Pollination and Boron

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Spinardi ◽  
D. Bassi
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Source Sink

Self-compatibility of local olive (Olea europaeaL.) accessions and of the cultivars “Frantoio” and “Leccino” was investigated in Garda Lake area, northern Italy. Intercompatibility was determined for “Casaliva,” “Frantoio,” and “Leccino,” as well as the effects of foliar Boron applications (0, 262, 525, or 1050 mg·L−1) applied about one week before anthesis on fruit set, shotberry set, and onin vitropollen germination. Following self-pollination, fruit set was significantly lower and the occurrence of shot berries significantly higher than those obtained by open pollination. No significant effect of controlled cross-pollination over self-pollination on fruit set and shotberry set was detectable. B treatments increased significantly fruit set in “Frantoio” and “Casaliva” but not in “Leccino.” B sprays had no effect on shotberry set, suggesting that these parthenocarpic fruits did not strongly compete for resources allocation and did not take advantage of increased B tissue levels. Foliar B application enhancedin vitropollen germination, and the optimal level was higher for pollen germination than for fruit set. Our results highlight the importance of olive cross pollination for obtaining satisfactory fruit set and the beneficial effect of B treatments immediately prior to anthesis, possibly by affecting positively the fertilisation process and subsequent plant source-sink relations linked to fruitlet retention.

Triploidy causes sexual infertility in Cyrtanthus breviflorus (Amaryllidaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Ramsey ◽  
Glenda Vaughton ◽  
Glendon D. Ascough ◽  
Steven D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Challenging Question

The balance between sexual and asexual reproduction can vary markedly in clonal plants. At one extreme, plants are sexually infertile and reproduction is solely clonal. Infertility can be caused by environmental and/or genetic factors, but the role of each is often unknown. Here we determine variation in sexual reproduction and explore the underlying factors causing sexual infertility in Cyrtanthus breviflorus Harv. We examined open- and cross-pollinated fruit set, ploidy using flow cytometry, pollen viability, pollinator visits to flowers and pollen deposition onto stigmas. One population was sexually infertile; no plants produced fruit. Three populations were sexually fertile; >98% of plants produced fruit. Percent pollen viability differed between infertile (18%) and fertile (97%) populations. The most likely cause of infertility was unequal ploidy. Plants in the infertile population were triploid, whereas those in fertile populations were diploid. Pollination factors were not related to infertility. In infertile and fertile populations, pollen-collecting insects visited flowers frequently, depositing 4-fold more pollen grains onto stigmas than the number of ovules per flower. Our study is the first to demonstrate infertility and triploidy in C. breviflorus. How triploidy became established despite high levels of pollinator activity remains a challenging question.

Preferential outcrossing in Banksia ilicifolia (Proteaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Heliyanto ◽  
Erik J. Veneklaas ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
Siegfried L. Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Pollen Limitation ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Non Local

The breeding system of Banksia ilicifolia was assessed by performing controlled hand-pollination manipulations on flowers in a natural population in Perth, Western Australia. The percentage of 2000 flowers per treatment converted to fruits and seeds was assessed across 24 recipient plants following (1) self-pollination, (2) local outcross pollination (same population), (3) non-local outcross pollination (pollen sourced from another population 30 km away), (4) unpollinated but bagged flowers and (5) unpollinated, unbagged flowers (natural pollination). The relative performance of the resulting seeds was assessed by seed weight, germination rates and, in an unplanned component of the study, resistance to a fungal pathogen. The percentage of flowers converted to fruits following self-pollination was low (0.9%), but demonstrated self-compatibility. Fruit set following cross-pollinations (3.6 and 3.3% for non-local and local crosses, respectively) was significantly greater than that following self-pollination, open-pollination (0.4%) and autogamous (0.04%) treatments. Low fruit set for open-pollinated flowers, compared with self- and outcross-pollination treatments, suggests pollen limitation. Pollen tubes were observed in 15 and 20% of upper styles of flowers hand-pollinated with self and local outcross pollen, respectively. Seed germination was dependent on the source of pollen, where fewer selfed seeds germinated (37%) than did both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (83 and 91%, respectively). Selfed seedlings showed poorer survival (33.3%) following fungal attack than both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (69.2 and 68.5%, respectively). Only 13% of selfed seeds survived to be 2-month-old seedlings, compared with 63% for non-local and 57% for local outcrossed seeds. Ultimately, for 2000 flowers hand-pollinated with self pollen, only three seedlings survived to an age of 16 weeks, compared with 37 and 45 seedlings for local-cross and non-local cross treatments on 2000 hand-pollinated flowers, respectively. These results indicate that in this population, B. ilicifolia is self-compatible, but preferentially outcrossing, with strong early acting inbreeding depression. Consequently, the breeding system of B. ilicifolia promotes the maintenance of genetic variation and a high genetic load.

scholarly journals Effects of Self-pollination and Cross-pollination of Vaccinium darrowii (Ericaceae) and Other Low-chill Blueberries

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1538-1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario J. Chavez ◽  
Paul M. Lyrene
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Cross Pollination ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Southern Highbush ◽  
Wild Blueberry

Partial to complete self-incompatibility is normal in most Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) species. Wild blueberry plants of several Florida provenances and species were self- and cross-pollinated in a greenhouse free of pollinators. Fruit set of V. darrowii Camp (2x), V. corymbosum L. (4x), V. arboreum Marsh (2x), and F1 (V. darrowii × V. corymbosum) hybrids was higher after cross-pollination than after self-pollination. Partial to complete self-incompatibility was present in V. darrowii, V. corymbosum, and their tetraploid F1 hybrids. The three V. arboreum clones tested were fully self-incompatible. Intra- and interpopulation crosses in V. corymbosum, V. darrowii, and V. darrowii × V. corymbosum hybrids were highly successful, and self-pollination reduced all fertility parameters. Advanced selections of V. corymbosum were the most self-compatible clones tested, possibly because self-compatibility has been increased by breeders selecting for reliable fruit set in large fields planted with one or a few clones. One southern highbush selection and two F1 hybrids had fruit set of more than 70% after self-pollination. These plants could be potentially used to breed plants that could be planted in single blocks providing reliable yield.

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