The influence of clear-cutting on ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity in a lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stand, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and Gallatin National Forest, Montana

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin B Byrd ◽  
V Thomas Parker ◽  
Detlev R Vogler ◽  
Ken W Cullings
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Effects of clear-cutting on the ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungus community in a Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. forest near Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A., were assessed using molecular techniques. Samples were taken by soil core in both undisturbed and clear-cut sites by randomized block design. Species overlap was compared between clear-cut and undisturbed sites and ascomycete-basidiomycete ratio was determined, using PCR-RFLP methods. Fifty species of EM fungi were detected in the clear-cut sites, the most common being Cenococcum geophilum Fr., Suillus sp., a member of the suilloid group, a Russulaceae species, and a Thelephoraceae species. Sixty-six species were detected in the undisturbed sites, which were dominated by a Suilloid species, a Tricholomataceae species, Cortinarius sp., and Cenococcum geophilum. Species composition in the clear-cut sites differed significantly from that in the undisturbed sites (P = 0.0001). However, 9 of the 14 species most commonly found in the clear-cut sites were also found in the undisturbed sites, but in much lower abundance, while species rank curves of both stand types mirrored each other. There were no significant differences in species richness, root-tip abundance, or ascomycete-basidiomycete ratio between the clear-cut and undisturbed sites. However, species richness was lower in the clear-cut sites than in the undisturbed sites. An overall loss of species richness after clear-cutting and significant changes in species composition indicate that clear-cutting can negatively alter the EM fungal community, and this may have profound effects on ecosystem function.Key words: ectomycorrhizae, community structure, clear-cutting, molecular techniques.

scholarly journals Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation: Cycling and Succession in Lodgepole Pine Forest

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
W. Romme ◽  
J. Yavitt ◽  
D. Knight
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Surrounding Areas

A research project was initiated in 1980 to study the effects of outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on lodgepole pine forest (Pinus contorta Dougl. ssp. latifolia) in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas. This native insect apparently has long been associated with lodgepole pine, and reports of small numbers of beetles can be found in Park records as early as 1925. However, in the late 1940's and early 1950's major outbreaks began to occur on the Caribou and Targhee National Forests immediately to the west and southwest of Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks. An outbreak in Grand Teton National Park and the adjacent Teton National Forest began in the 1950's, with an explosive increase in 1961 followed by an eventual subsidence in the late 1960's. The first major outbreak in Yellowstone National Park began in the late 1960's in the Bechler and South Entrance areas, reaching a peak there in 1970 and later declining. Yearly aerial surveys conducted thereafter showed a steady northward movement of the outbreak through the western half of the Park at a rate of 1 - 5 km per year. By 1978 the peak outbreak was centered around West Yellowstone, with hundreds of infested trees per hectare. The outbreak is now moving north and east along the Madison and Gibbon Rivers, with the greatest beetle populations currently in the vicinity of Madison Junction.

Ectomycorrhizas of regenerating stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Bradbury ◽  
R M Danielson ◽  
S Visser
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Fruit Body ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Study Sites

The ectomycorrhizal community associated with regenerating lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud.) after clear-cutting in southwestern Alberta was investigated in 6-, 10-, and 19-year-old cut blocks and their adjacent 90-year-old undisturbed control stands. Twenty different mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 90-year-old undisturbed stands. Of these 20, 13 mycorrhizal taxa were found in the 6-year-old cut blocks, and 15 mycorrhizal taxa were found in both the 10- and 19-year-old cut blocks. The most common associate of all stand ages was Mycelium radicis atrovirens Melin (MRA), which overall colonized 29% (weighted average) of the root tips. Species or groups accounting for greater than 10% of the mycorrhizas in one or more age classes included Piloderma fallax (Karst.) Jül. (15% overall), Piloderma byssinum (Karst.) Jül. (11%), Cenococcum geophilum L. (8%), Russula-like (8%), Suillus brevipes (Pk.) Kuntze (5%), Suillus tomentosus (Kauff.) Sing., Snell & Dick (5%), and Lactarius deliciosus (L.:Fr.) S.F. Gray (2%). Although several mycorrhizal fungi exhibited significant differences in percent relative abundance of root tips colonized, when comparing cut blocks to their controls, there was no evidence to suggest that the suite of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots of young lodgepole pine trees was replaced by a different suite of mycorrhizal fungi in mature stands. Extensive fruit body collections, totalling 43 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi, throughout the study sites support this contention.Key words: Pinus contorta ectomycorrhizas, clear-cutting, second-rotation forests, succession.

scholarly journals Effects of Litter Addition on Ectomycorrhizal Associates of a Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta) Stand in Yellowstone National Park

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 3772-3776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Cullings ◽  
Michael H. New ◽  
Shilpa Makhija ◽  
V. Thomas Parker
Keyword(s):  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Litter Addition ◽  
Litter Accumulation ◽  
Litter Manipulation

ABSTRACT Increasing soil nutrients through litter manipulation, pollution, or fertilization can adversely affect ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities by inhibiting fungal growth. In this study, we used molecular genetic methods to determine the effects of litter addition on the EM community of a Pinus contorta stand in Yellowstone National Park that regenerated after a stand-replacing fire. Two controls were used; in unmodified control plots nothing was added to the soil, and in perlite plots perlite, a chemically neutral substance, was added to maintain soil moisture and temperature at levels similar to those under litter. We found that (i) species richness did not change significantly following perlite addition (2.6 ± 0.3 species/core in control plots, compared with 2.3 ± 0.3 species/core in perlite plots) but decreased significantly (P < 0.05) following litter addition (1.8 ± 0.3 species/core); (ii) EM infection was not affected by the addition of perlite but increased significantly (P < 0.001) in response to litter addition, and the increase occurred only in the upper soil layer, directly adjacent to the added litter; and (iii) Suillus granulatus, Wilcoxina mikolae, and agaricoid DD were the dominant organisms in controls, but the levels of W. mikolae and agaricoid DD decreased significantly in response to both perlite and litter addition. The relative levels of S. granulatus and a fourth fungus, Cortinariaceae species 2, increased significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) following litter addition. Thus, litter addition resulted in some negative effects that may be attributable to moisture-temperature relationships rather than to the increased nutrients associated with litter. Some species respond positively to litter addition, indicating that there are differences in their physiologies. Hence, changes in the EM community induced by litter accumulation also may affect ecosystem function.

scholarly journals Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation: Cycling and Succession in Lodgepole Pine Forest

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
W. Romme ◽  
J. Yavitt ◽  
D. Knight ◽  
J. Fedders
Keyword(s):  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Northern Rocky Mountains ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Surrounding Areas

A research project was initiated in 1980 to study the effects of outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) on lodgepole pine forest (Pinus contorta spp. latifolia) in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas. This native bark beetle recently has killed millions of trees over thousands of square kilometers in the central and northern Rocky Mountains. Major outbreaks first occurred in Grand Teton National Park in the 1950's and in Yellowstone National Park in the 1960's. The outbreak in Yellowstone Park is still spreading.

scholarly journals Early-arriving saproxylic beetles developing in Scots pine stumps: effects of felling type and date

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Foit
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Saproxylic Beetles ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Species Richness And Diversity

A total of 320 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) low stumps were analysed within two stands (one stand was thinned, and the other stand was subjected to clear-cut final felling) in the Drahansk&aacute; Highlands in the Czech Republic. Each stand was divided into four parts, and the felling of each part was performed on different dates during 2006 (February, May, August and November). The fauna of early-arriving saproxylic beetles inhabiting the stumps was investigated by peeling the bark in two vegetation periods after the felling. A total of 17 species of beetles were found. The felling type and date affected the species composition of the recorded assemblages, with the felling date being considerably more important than the type. The species richness and diversity did not differ significantly between the felling types, but significant differences were found among the felling dates. Several associations of particular species with certain felling types or dates were also found.

Structure of mixed pine and hardwood stands 12 years after various methods and intensities of site preparation in the Georgia Piedmont

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1490-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B. Harrington ◽  
M. Boyd Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Georgia Piedmont ◽  
Compensatory Effect

In the Georgia Piedmont (U.S.A.), size, abundance, and species diversity of trees were quantified in a plantation of Pinustaeda L. 12 years after various methods and intensities of site preparation. In clear-cut only versus site-prepared plots, greater hardwood abundance (27% vs. 8% of the total basal area) and size (8.6 vs. 7.4 m in height) were associated with reduced pine volume (73 vs. 123 m3/ha) and increased Simpson and Shannon diversity indices. Tree-species richness was greater in plots where residual trees from clear-cutting had been removed with a chainsaw versus large machinery (10 vs. 7 species). With increasing site-preparation intensity, reductions in basal area of volunteer pines coincided with proportionate increases (R2 = 0.80) in basal area of planted pines. As a result of this compensatory effect, total volume of all pines varied little (122–134 m3/ha) among site-preparation intensities. Research results suggest that site-preparation treatments can be selected to facilitate the development of a variety of stand structures, including those that favor evenness (clear-cut only) or richness (manual cutting) of tree species, low-cost production of pine fiber (manual cutting), and stand uniformity for management of pine sawtimber (mechanical and herbicide).

Growth and fungal persistence by Quercus rubra inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and planted on a clear-cutting and strip mine

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1571-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Beckjord ◽  
Marla S. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Strip Mine ◽  
Mine Sites

Quercus rubra seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in media inoculated with and without vegetative hyphae of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithus tinctorius, Cenococcum geophilum, Scleroderma auranteum, and Rhizopogon nigrescens. Some seedlings were also inoculated with basidiospores of P. tinctorius and S. auranteum in the greenhouse. Rhizopogon nigrescens did not infect the seedlings during greenhouse production. Seedlings were planted and grown for two seasons on clear-cut and strip-mine sites. Some nonmycorrhizal seedlings were inoculated with basidiospores at planting. Seedling growth after one season on the clear-cut site was positive for all P. tinctorius, C. geophilum, and vegetative S. auranteum inoculations and significant differences in growth occurred among inoculation treatments. Root-core samples after one season showed that 80–100% of the seedlings on the clear-cut site had fungal persistence of assigned fungal species from all fungal inoculations except that no ectomycorrhizae were evident with seedlings field inoculated with basidiospores. Growth after two seasons on the clear-cut site was significantly different among treatments but not significantly different on the strip-mine site. Excavated root systems after two seasons showed that 0–100% of the seedlings on the clear-cut and strip-mine sites had fungal retention of assigned fungal species and ectomycorrhizae from basidiospore chip inoculations.

scholarly journals Human Disturbance, Plant Species Composition, Diversity and Community Types of Kafta-Sheraro National Park, Tigray Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitsum Temesgen Hailemariam ◽  
Bikila Warkineh Dullo ◽  
Addisu Asefa Mitiku
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
National Park ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Species Richness And Diversity ◽  
Community Types

Abstract Background: Ethiopia is rich in woodland natural forest although of increasingly subjected to deforestation and forest degradation with extensive expansion of settlement and agricultural practices. In developing countries like Ethiopia forest is one of the vital resources that determine the livelihood of the local communities. Consequently, woodlands’ of the country’s are under heavy pressure by shifting cultivation and charcoal production. Kafta-sheraro national park is newly established woodland area which lacks documented vegetation diversity and human disturbance on the forest. The study was conducted to quantify plant species richness and diversity along altitude; and identify anthropogenic disturbance on vegetation composition and community diversity of the park. Methods: a Systematic sampling method was used to determine species composition, abundance, and diversity. 161 quadrats each (400 m2) lying 200 m far apart for trees and shrubs while sub-plots (1 m2) for herbs and grasses along transects were established over an altitudinal gradient of 539-1111 m.a.s.l. All vascular plant species were collected and brought to National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University for identification.The degree of disturbance data as (low, moderate and heavy) were visually estimated for each plot. Result: a total of 182 plant species: 63 (34.6%) herbs,46 (25.3%) trees, 38 (20.9%) grasses, 18(9.89%) shrubs, 11 climbers (6.04%), and 6 (3.3%) tree ̸ shrub), belonging to 142 genera and 53 families, were identified. Fabaceae was represented by the highest number of species (37 species; 20.3%) followed by Poaceae (36 species; 19.8%) and Asteraceae, 10 species (5.49%). Three plant communities’ types were identified: Acacia mellifera-Balanites aegyptiaca (1); Hyphaene thebaica-Ziziphus spina-christi (2); Combretum hartmannianum-Terminalia brownii-Boswellia papyrifera (3). Species richness was highest in community 1 (mid-altitude: 607-640 m.a.s.l.).The highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H`=2.82) for the forest was in community 2 (low altitude: 539-610 m.a.s.l.) while evenness (J=0.72) was highest in community 3 (high altitude: 674-1111 m.a.s.l.) There was a significant correlation between species richness (p=0.024) and altitude per plot while species diversity was non significant (p>0.05) over altitude. Human activities also strongly correlated with species richness and diversity of specific community type. Conclusion: the site has pronounced floristic composition and diversity. Altitudinal difference and the degree of human disturbance determine variation in species composition and richness among communities. Altitude is significantly correlated with species richness of all community types while it is more strongly correlated with community type1.Crop cultivation, illegal fire, and overpopulation of livestock grazing are the main threats in community types 2 and 3. However, this document is a baseline to vegetation information of the park. detailed study on conservation challenges (anthropogenic disturbance) of the park vegetation and prioritize their mitigation measures should be arranged.

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