Net energy system of feed formulation with or without enzyme supplementation in growing-finishing pigs fed barley-based diets with alternative feed ingredients

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
D.E. Velayudhan ◽  
C.M. Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Exogenous Enzyme ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation ◽  
Daily Gain

The aim of this study was to determine the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs fed diets formulated on net energy (NE) basis with or without exogenous enzyme supplementation. Twenty-four pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 25 kg were randomly allotted one of three treatments; a barley-based control diet formulated on a digestible energy (DE) basis (Diet A), control diet formulated on an NE basis (Diet B), and Diet B + multicarbohydrase enzyme (Diet C). Pigs were offered their respective diets in a 3-phase feeding program. Individual pig BW and feed disappearance were monitored once every 2 wk. Pigs were slaughtered when they reached 100 kg BW to determine carcass characteristics. During phase 1, an improvement (P = 0.02) in feed intake was observed in pigs fed Diet C compared with Diet B. In phase 3, pigs fed Diet B showed improvement in daily gain (P = 0.02) and feed efficiency (P = 0.05) compared with Diet A. Overall, when compared with control diet, pigs fed Diet B showed significant improvement in daily gain (P = 0.05) and feed efficiency (P = 0.01). In conclusion, the results indicate a better growth performance with diets formulated using the NE system. Moreover, enzyme supplementation had no effect on the overall performance of pigs.

scholarly journals PSIV-19 Evaluation of Enogen® high amylase corn on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 178-178
Author(s):  
Patricia Ochonski ◽  
Fangzhou Wu ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract A total of 288 pigs (Line 600 241, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 41.6 kg) were used in an 82-d trial to determine if replacing conventional yellow dent corn with high amylase corn (Enogen®, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, Downers Grove, IL) in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) influences growth performance and carcass characteristics. Diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with 2 corn sources (yellow dent or high amylase) and 2 levels of DDGS (0 or 25%). Experimental diets were fed in meal form in 3 phases: d 0 to 29, 29 to 47, and 47 to 82. There were 9 pens/treatment each containing an equal number of barrows and gilts. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 wk and at the beginning of each phase. On d 82, pigs were transported to a commercial packing plant for processing and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between corn source and DDGS inclusion for overall performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was marginally greater (P < 0.089) for pigs fed high amylase than yellow dent corn with no evidence (P > 0.196) for difference in feed intake, feed efficiency (G/F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or other carcass traits. Addition of DDGS resulted in decreased (P < 0.037) overall ADG and G/F. Pigs fed DDGS had marginally lower (P < 0.071) HCW, less (P < 0.050) backfat, greater (P < 0.026) loin depth, and greater (P < 0.020) percentage lean and iodine values. In summary, high amylase corn tended to improve overall ADG; however, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics were unchanged between corn sources. Consistent with previous research, addition of DDGS decreased ADG and increased IV.

scholarly journals Effects of restricted feeding and re-alimentation of dietary protein or energy on compensatory growth of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396
Author(s):  
W. Addah ◽  
A. Ayantunde ◽  
E.K. Okine
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Nutrient Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Daily Gain

The study investigated the effects of re-alimenting dietary protein or energy on growth, carcass characteristics and meat eating quality parameters of sheep. Twenty-seven intact rams (~9 months; 11.3 ± 0.5 kg) were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was fed a maintenance diet (MT) containing, on dry matter (DM) basis, 105 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 8.4 MJ/kg DM metabolizable energy (ME) for 30 days. Thereafter, they were continually fed the same MT or re-alimented with a high protein diet (HP) containing 169 g/kg DM CP and 9.3 MJ/kg ME or a high energy diet (HE) containing 123 g/kg DM CP and 10.6 MJ/kg ME for an additional 30 days to determine the effects of re-alimentation of protein or energy on their growth performance and carcass characteristics. During the initial 30-day period, DM intake (DMI) and growth performance were similar among the three groups. However, upon re-alimentation, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency of sheep re-alimented with HP were greater than those maintained continually on MT or re-alimented with HE. Sheep on HP had higher feed efficiency, ADG and heavier carcasses than those fed MT or re-alimented with HE during the whole 60-day period. Growth of most viscera was less responsive to the restriction-re-alimentation feeding regimen except for the weights of the lungs, heart and intestines. Meat from sheep re-alimented with HE had a more intense ‘sheepy’ flavour than those fed MT or re-alimented with HP, but juiciness and tenderness were not affected. The higher ADG of sheep re-alimented with protein may be related more to enhanced efficiency of feed utilization than to higher DMI.Keywords: average daily gain, feed restriction, nutrient utilization efficiency, visceral organs

scholarly journals Amino acid requirements of pigs. 3. Requirement for apparent digestible threonine of pigs in different stages of growth.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 609-622
Author(s):  
N.P. Lenis ◽  
J.T.M. van Diepen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Individual and group housed crossbred pigs 45 to 105 kg and 65 to 95 kg in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, were given basal diets with L-threonine 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 g/kg. Positive and negative control diets contained total threonine 5.7 and 4.5 g/kg, respectively. To prevent other amino acids being limiting, the negative control diet was supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan, isoleucine, histidine and valine. The positive control diet was supplemented with lysine and methionine. The requirement for total threonine of growing-finishing pigs for maximum growth performance was about 5.6 g/kg in a diet containing net energy 9.4 MJ/kg. This figure corresponds with about 4.7 g/kg apparent faecal digestible threonine and 4.3 apparent ileal digestible threonine. There was no difference between the growing and the finishing pigs. The requirement for ileal digestible threonine, relative to ileal digestible lysine requirement, was about 64%. It is concluded that dietary protein can be reduced by 2 percentage units without any adverse effect on growth performance, if limiting amino acids are sufficiently supplemented. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Bioavailability of l-lysine sulfate relative to l-lysine HCl for growing–finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1254-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyun Li ◽  
Stacie A Gould ◽  
John Khun Kyaw Htoo ◽  
J Caroline González-Vega ◽  
John F Patience
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Commercial Diet

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative bioavailability (RBV) of l-Lys sulfate in comparison to l-Lys HCl based on the growth performance response from approximately 26 to 48 kg and from approximately 68 to 114 kg. The effect of Lys source on blood urea nitrogen (BUN), digestibility of dry matter (DM) and sulfur (S), as well as carcass characteristics was determined. A total of 280 growing pigs (25.9 ± 0.25 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments in 56 pens, with five pigs per pen. The diets included a Lys-deficient basal diet (65% of requirement) and the basal diet supplemented with three graded levels of Lys (75%, 85%, and 95% of requirement), as either l-Lys HCl (78.8% Lys purity) or l-Lys sulfate (54.6% Lys purity). The experiment lasted for 112 d, with four dietary phases: Phase 1 lasted for 4 wk (BW: 25.9 to 47.5 kg), Phase 2 lasted for 3 wk (common commercial diet as washout period), Phase 3 lasted for 5 wk (BW: 67.5 to 98.2 kg), and Phase 4 lasted for 3 or 4 wk to reach an average market weight of 114.2 kg. Fresh fecal samples of pigs fed the highest levels of Lys (both Lys sources) were collected on 7 to 10 days after the beginning of Phase 3 for digestibility assay. Blood samples were collected on day 21 and day 81 to determine BUN. Carcass data were collected at a commercial packing plant. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS (9.4) according to a completely randomized design with pen as the experimental unit. The RBV of l-Lys sulfate was determined using the multiple regression slope-ratio method. Increasing levels of Lys, independent of source, increased (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and feed efficiency during Phases 1, 3, and 4; market BW increased linearly (P < 0.01) and backfat and BUN decreased linearly (P < 0.01). Lysine source had no impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, BUN, or digestibility of S and DM. The RBV of l-Lys sulfate compared with l-Lys HCl was also not different based upon ADG or G:F during Phase 1, 3, or 4. These data suggest that the bioavailability of Lys in l-Lys sulfate and l-Lys HCl is at least equivalent for growing–finishing pigs.

Effect of expanded diets on growth performance, meat quality and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Jian Lei ◽  
Jun Bae ◽  
Ju Lee ◽  
Sang Lee ◽  
In Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Gain

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of expanded diets on growth performance, meat quality, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 80 finishing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: 1) unexpanded corn-soybean meal diets; 2) expanded corn-soybean meal diets. Each treatment consisted of ten replicate pens with four pigs (2 gilts and 2 barrows) per pen. There were no differences in daily feed intake and daily gain throughout the experiment (P less than 0.05). However, expanded diets decreased feed conversion ratio compared with unexpanded diets (P less than 0.05). Expanded diets had no effect on carcass characteristics and meat quality with the exception of increased sensory evaluation (color) of meat compared with unexpanded diets (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, expanded diets can improve feed conversion ratio but have no effect on daily gain and daily feed intake and sensory evaluation of meat color.

scholarly journals Influence of Enogen Feed corn and conventional yellow dent corn in pelleted or meal-based diets on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadley R Williams ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
Finishing Pig ◽  
Feed Form ◽  
Pig Performance

Abstract Genetic modification of corn has enhanced the use of different corn hybrids in animal agriculture. Enogen Feed corn, developed by Syngenta Seeds (Downers Grove, IL), has potential for use in livestock diets due to increase α-amylase enzyme in the corn thus improving starch digestibility. In addition, the pelleting process also increases starch gelatinization which increases its digestibility by the pig, increasing growth rate and improving feed efficiency. Therefore, pelleting Enogen Feed corn might prove to provide a greater response in growth performance than conventional yellow dent corn. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of corn source and diet form on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 288 pigs (53.0 ± 0.5 kg) were used with 8 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment in a 72-d study. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of corn source (Enogen Feed corn or conventional yellow dent corn) and diet form (meal or pellet). For overall (d 0 to 72) performance, no interactions between corn source and diet form were observed. There was a tendency (P < 0.10) for slightly improved average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (G:F) for pigs fed conventional yellow dent corn compared to those fed Enogen Feed corn. For feed form, pigs fed pelleted diets had increased (P < 0.001) ADG and G:F compared to pigs fed meal diets. For carcass characteristics, pigs fed pelleted diets had increased hot carcass weight compared to pigs fed meal diets (P < 0.001). In summary, feeding pelleted diets to finishing pigs increased ADG and improved feed efficiency compared to those fed meal-based diets. There were no major differences between observed corn sources or interactions between corn source and diet form on growth performance.

High inclusion rates of hybrid rye instead of corn in diets for growing-finishing pigs does not influence overall growth performance and most carcass traits are not influenced by hybrid rye

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly L McGhee ◽  
Bailey N Harsh ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Treatment Phase ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Hybrid Rye

Abstract It was hypothesized that hybrid rye may replace corn in diets for growing and finishing pigs without impacting growth performance, carcass characteristics, or meat quality. A total of 128 pigs (23.69 ± 2.51 kg) were allotted to 4 treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment. Phase 1 and 2 diets were fed for 35 d each and phase 3 diets were fed for 27 d. Within each phase, pigs were fed a control corn and soybean meal diet or a diet in which 33, 66, or 100% of the corn in the control diet was replaced with hybrid rye. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased (linear, P < 0.05) in phase 1 with increased dietary inclusion of hybrid rye. In phase 3, gain:feed (G:F) increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) with more hybrid rye in the diet. Overall ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ among treatments. Diet did not impact most carcass traits, but loin (visual) and backfat (instrumental L*) color were paler (linear, P < 0.05) with greater inclusion of hybrid rye in the diet. Organ weights increased (linear, P < 0.05) with increased dietary hybrid rye. In conclusion, pigs fed hybrid rye consumed less feed in phase 1, resulting in reduced ADG, but growth performance for the entire growing-finishing period did not differ among treatments. Hybrid rye may replace all the corn in growing and finishing pig diets without diminishing growth performance or carcass quality, but feed intake may be reduced at high inclusion rates.

scholarly journals Evaluation of microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals on growth performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade M Hutchens ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Day Nursery ◽  
Treatment Structure ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract A total of 1,215 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to determine the effect of microencapsulated organic acids and botanicals (MOB; AviPlus; Vetagro, Inc. Chicago, IL), on growth performance from weaning to market. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and placed in pens based on initial body weight (BW) with 27 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. During the 42-day nursery period, pigs were allotted to 1 of 2 treatments in an unbalanced treatment structure with 15 pens (replications) fed the control diet and 30 pens (replications) fed diets containing 0.30% MOB from d 0 to 21 and 0.10% from d 21 to 42. On d 42, pigs were transported as intact pens from the nursery to the finishing facility. During the finishing period, 3 treatments were applied which included: 1) pigs on the control diet in nursery remained on control diets; 2) 50% of pigs provided MOB in nursery were then fed 0.05% MOB throughout finishing, and 3) 50% of pigs provided MOB in nursery were then fed the control diet throughout finishing. All pens of pigs on treatments 2 and 3 were allotted based on ending nursery BW to the finishing treatment. There were 15 replications per treatment in the finishing period. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed diets with MOB had a tendency for increased (P < 0.058) gain:feed (G:F) when compared to pigs fed the control diet; however, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or d 21 BW. From d 21 to 42, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI, or G:F. For the overall nursery period (d 0 to 42), pigs fed diets with MOB had increased (P < 0.05) G:F (660 vs 670 g/kg) when compared to pigs fed the control diet, but there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for d 42 BW, ADG, or ADFI between treatments. From d 42 to 106, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for ADG, ADFI, and G:F. For the overall finishing period (d 42 to 156) and overall experimental period (d 0 to 156), there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) for BW, ADG, ADFI, or G:F. For mortality and removals, there was no evidence of difference (P > 0.05) observed during the nursery, finishing, or overall. In summary, providing MOB during the nursery phase increased G:F in the early and overall nursery phase, but there was no effect on overall wean-to-finish performance.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary roughage neutral detergent fiber levels and flint corn processing method on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus cattle1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3562-3577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Humberto F de Melo ◽  
Rodrigo S Marques ◽  
Vinícius N Gouvêa ◽  
Jonas de Souza ◽  
Camila D A Batalha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Corn Processing

Abstract Flint corn processing method [coarse ground corn (CGC; 3.2 mm average particle size) or steam-flaked corn (SFC; 0.360 kg/L flake density)] was evaluated in conjunction with 4 levels of NDF from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as roughage source (RNDF; 4%, 7%, 10%, and 13%; DM basis) to determine impact on growth performance, carcass characteristics, starch utilization, feeding behavior, and rumen morphometrics of Bos indicus beef cattle. Two hundred and forty Nellore bulls were blocked by initial BW (350 ± 37 kg), assigned to 32 feedlot pens and pens within weight block were randomly assigned, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (2 corn processing and 4 levels of RNDF) to treatments. Effects of corn grain processing × RNDF level were not detected (P ≥ 0.14) for growth performance, dietary net energy concentration, carcass traits, rumen morphometrics, and feeding behavior, except for time spent ruminating and time spent resting (P ≤ 0.04), and a tendency for papillae width (P ≤ 0.09). Bulls fed SFC-based diets consumed 7% less (P = 0.001), had 10.6% greater carcass-adjusted ADG (P < 0.001) and 19% greater carcass-adjusted feed efficiency (P < 0.001) compared with bulls fed CGC-based diets. Observed net energy for maintenance and gain values were 14.9% and 19.4% greater (P < 0.001), respectively, for SFC than for CGC-based diets. Fecal starch concentration was less (P < 0.001) for bulls fed SFC compared with those fed CGC. No grain processing effects were detected (P = 0.51) for rumenitis score; however, cattle fed SFC presented smaller ruminal absorptive surface area (P = 0.03). Dry matter intake increased linearly (P = 0.02) and carcass-adjusted feed efficiency tended (P = 0.06) to decrease linearly as RNDF increased. Dietary RNDF concentration did not affect carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.19), except for dressing percentage, which tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) as RNDF in finishing diets increased. Increasing RNDF in finishing diets had no effect (P = 0.26) on time spent eating, but time spent ruminating and resting increased linearly (min/d; P < 0.001) with increased dietary RNDF. Steam flaking markedly increased flint corn energy value, net energy of diets, and animal growth performance, and led to improvements on feed efficiency when compared with grinding, regardless of RNDF content of diets. Increasing dietary RNDF compromised feedlot cattle feed efficiency and carcass dressing.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document