Effects of corn processing and cattle size on total tract digestion and energy and nitrogen balance

This study used 18 calves (295 ± 29 kg) and 18 yearlings (521 ± 29 kg) fed whole, cracked or steam-flaked corn (SFC) to evaluate nutrient digestion and energy balance across different types of processed corn and sizes of cattle. Cattle were fed a diet comprised of 75% corn (DM-basis) from whole, cracked or SFC to 2.5-times maintenance energy requirements. Subsequently, cattle were placed in individual stanchions and urine and feces was collected together with measures of gas production via indirect calorimetry. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no interaction of corn processing and cattle size (P ≥ 0.40). Time spent ruminating (min/d) and rumination rate (min/kg DM intake; DMI) was not affected by corn processing or cattle size. Eating rate (min/kg DMI) was faster (P < 0.01) for yearlings compared to calves. Total tract starch digestion was greatest (P = 0.01) for cattle fed SFC (97.5%), intermediate in cattle fed cracked (92.4%) and least in cattle fed whole corn (89.5%). Dietary digestible energy and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle fed SFC compared to cracked or whole. A greater proportion of digestible energy was lost to heat production (P = 0.01) in cattle fed whole corn compared to cracked and tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cattle fed SFC than cracked. Conversion of digestible energy to metabolizable energy in this study was more closely related to a dynamic model used to estimate metabolizable energy of feeds to dairy cows than to a linear model used to predict metabolizable energy of feeds to beef cattle. If library estimates of net energy for maintenance are correct, then retained energy (Mcal/d) should have been similar between each type of processed corn; however, retained energy was greater (P < 0.01) for cattle fed cracked compared to whole corn and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared to SFC. Yet, observed amounts of net energy based on measures of retained energy were not different (P ≥ 0.60) between cracked and SFC. Nitrogen balance was not affected (P ≥ 0.30) by corn processing or cattle size, although cattle fed cracked had numerically greater (P ≤ 035) N retention. These data indicate that physical processing of corn provides greater net energy to cattle in comparison to whole corn.

INDEPENDENT ANIMAL FEED PROCESSING TO IMPROVE THE ECONOMY OF THE COMMUNITY IN SIMPANG VILLAGE, PASAMAN, WEST SUMATRA

Background: The absence of a corn processing machine is one of the problems experienced by Aur Serumpun farmer groups at Nagari Simpang. Methodology: The team of community services from Andalas University handed over a corn grinder that can be used to process dry corn into animal feed. The corn milling machine delivered is an electric machine with a small capacity that can be used for small-scale production. Conclusion: Members of the farming group have expressed their gratitude for the procedure of transferring the grinder. The existence of this tool benefits the community significantly because it allows them to make their own feed and sell it to other villages at a lesser cost.

ALTERNATIVE CORN PROCESSING FOR AUR SERUMPUN FARMER GROUP IN SIMPANG VILLAGE, PASAMAN DISTRICT, WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE

Background: This activity was carried out in order to transfer corn processing technology to become a food product that could increase food product diversification in in Simpang village, Pasaman District, West Sumatera Province. Methodology: Tortilla chips as a derivative of corn were introduced through oral presentations and group discussion forums by the representative team from Andalas University together with “Aur Serumpun” Farmer groups at Simpang village, Pasaman District, West Sumatera Province. Conclusion: Information about corn processing into tortilla chips could be an alternative to multiple the types of products that can be produced by the farmer groups “Aur Serumpun”. Recently, they only produce one type of product, namely raw corn products which are directly sold to the animal feed industry. Although farmers were not very enthusiastic, continuous communication with farmers will increase their awareness of diversifying maize products that can support their economy in the future.

522 Late-Breaking: Effects of Corn Processing and Age on Energy Balance, Nutrient Digestion and Rumination in Cattle

Current library values for energy content in whole or dry-rolled corn (DRC) are identical and do not differ for cattle of different age (NASEM, 2016). Calves (295 ± 29 kg) and yearlings (521 ± 29 kg) were fed whole, DRC or steam-flaked corn (SFC) to evaluate library values of energy content in different types of processed corn among cattle of different age. Cattle were fed diets comprised of 75% corn (DM-basis) to 2.5-times maintenance energy requirements using estimates of NEm in corn and SFC (NASEM, 2016). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no observed interaction of corn processing and cattle age (P ≥ 0.40). Time spent ruminating (min/d) was not different between dietary treatment or age. Total tract starch digestibility was greatest (P = 0.01) for cattle fed SFC (97.5%), intermediate in cattle fed DRC (92.4%) and least in cattle fed whole corn (89.5%). Nitrogen balance was not affected (P ≥ 0.30) by corn processing or age. Digestible and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg-DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle fed SFC compared to DRC or whole. A greater proportion of DE was lost to heat production (P = 0.01) in cattle fed whole corn compared to DRC and tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cattle fed SFC than DRC. Retained energy (Mcal/d) should have been similar if current library values correctly reflect energy content in each type of processed corn. However, retained energy was greater (P < 0.01) for cattle fed DRC compared to whole corn and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared to SFC indicating that library values for DRC underestimate energy available to growing cattle. Measures of retained energy for cattle fed DRC indicated that energy available for gain from DRC was 42% greater than library values (NASEM, 2016).

ALIH TEKNOLOGI PENGOLAHAN PANGAN LOKAL DI KENAGARIAN ANDALEH, LIMAPULUH KOTA

Jagung banyak dibudidayakan di Kenagarian Andaleh di Kecamatan Luak, Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota. Jenis jagung yang dibudidayakan adalah jagung gigi kuda yang sering dijadikan sebagai pakan ternak terutama pakan unggas. Jagung gigi kuda memiliki biji berbentuk gigi, mengandung karbohidrat (pati) yang tinggi, dan bertekstur keras. Ciri khas jagung ini adalah memiliki biji yang melekuk di bagian tengah atau bagian atas biji. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masayarakat Nagari Andaleh Kecamatan Luak, tentang pemanfaatan bahan pangan lokal, khususnya komoditi jagung ini melalui alih teknologi pengolahan menjadi nugget jagung. Kegiatan diawali dengan memberikan penyuluhan tentang praktik sanitasi, meliputi sanitasi pekerja, sanitasi peralatan, dan sanitasi pengolahan, serta cara pengolahan pangan yang baik. Nugget jagung dibuat dari campuran daging ayam dan jagung dengan perbandingan 1:0.2. Melalui kegiatan ini, masyarakat mampu menerapkan higieni dan sanitasi dalam pengolahan pangan, serta memiliki keahlian dalam pengolahan jagung menjadi produk pangan baru, yaitu nugget jagung, sehingga meningkatkan pemanfaatan bahan pangan lokal dan meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat. Dengan alih teknologi pemanfaatan bahan pangan lokal jagung diharapkan tumbuh motivasi untuk mengembangkan usaha skala rumah tangga yang berpengaruh pada peningkatan perekonomian masyarakat di Kenagarian Andaleh. Kata kunci: Jagung Gigi Kuda, Nagari Andaleh, Nugget Jagung, Alih Teknologi, Pangan Lokal ABSTRACT Corn is widely cultivated in Andaleh Village, Luak Sub-district, Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The type of corn that cultivated in this village is dent corn (Zea mays var. indentata), which often used as animal feed, especially poultry feed. Dent corn has a tooth-shaped seed, contains high carbohydrates (starch), and has a hard texture. The characteristic of this corn form is that the seeds have an indentation in the middle or top of the seed. The purpose of this programs was to increased the knowledge Andaleh Village community, Luak District, about the utilization of local food, especially dent corn through the transition technology of corn processing to be corn nuggets. The activity began with provided counseling on sanitation practices, including personal sanitation, equipment sanitation, and processing sanitation, as well as good manufacturing practice. Corn nuggets were made from a mixture of chicken and corn in a ratio of 1: 0.2. Through this programs, the community will be able to apply hygiene and sanitation in food processing, and have expertise in processing corn into new products like nuggets, thereby can increase the utilization of local foodstuffs and improve the community's economy. Transition technology to use local dent corn was expected to grow the motivation of community to develop household-scale businesses that have an effect to increase the economy of the Andaleh Village community. Keywords: Dent Corn, Andaleh Village, Corn Nugget, Transition of Technology, Local Foods

PSIX-17 Investigation of rumen starch and protein degradation kinetics in relation to corn processed by super-conditioned pelleting, extruding and puffing

The objective of this study was to investigate the rumen dry matter (DM), starch and protein degradation kinetics of an Iranian corn grain (single crass 702) processed using different thermal processing methods including 1) grinding (G, 2mm), 2) super-conditioned pelleting (SCP; moisture 20%, retention time 6 min and conditioning temperature 95°C), 3) puffing (PUF; puffing temperature 200°C, hot air velocity 25 m/s, feed rate 100 g/m) and 4) extruding (EX; moisture 20%, temperature of melting zone 75°C and die zone 125°C and time 150s). Three lactating Holstein cows fitted with a ruminal cannula were used. Samples were incubated into the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Rumen degradation kinetics were fitted based on equations. Data were analyzed by GLM procedure of SAS (P < 0.05) using a completely randomized design with 6 replications for every treatment. Rapidly soluble fraction (a) and fractional rate constant (c) of DM were higher (P < 0.01) in PUF and EX corns than SCP. The lowest (P < 0.05) slowly degradable fraction (b) of DM was found in SCP. The highest (P < 0.01) effective rumen degradability of DM (ERDM), starch (ERDS) and protein (ERDP) were observed in the EX, followed by PUF, SCP and G corns. Fraction a of starch and protein was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in EX, PUF and SCP than G. The rate of degradability (c) of starch, DM and protein in EX and PUF were similar and higher (P < 0.01) than SCP and G, but c for starch in EX was greater (P < 0.01) than PUF and fallowed by SCP and G corns. In conclusion, the super-conditioning of corn as a new method of corn processing increased rapidly soluble fraction starch similar to PUF and EX corns and effective rumen degradability of starch was significantly increased in SCP corn.

227 Impact of feeding Aspergillus subspecies (ssp.) blend and different corn processing methods on finishing beef cattle performance and carcass characteristics

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding Aspergillus ssp. blend in combination with dry-rolled (DRC) or high-moisture corn (HMC) based finishing diets on performance and carcass characteristics. Crossbred beef steers (n = 320; initial BW = 267 ± 9 kg) were utilized in a generalized randomized block design. Cattle were assigned randomly to pens by initial body weight (BW) and pens were assigned randomly to one of four treatments with 8 pens per treatment for simple effect means. Treatments were set up as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with factors consisting of corn processing and 0 g / steer daily or 10 g / steer daily Aspergillus ssp. blend. There were no significant interactions (P ≥ 0.23) observed between corn processing and Aspergillus ssp. blend in the diet; therefore, only main effects are discussed. For the main effect of Aspergillus ssp. blend; no significant differences were observed for dry-matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), hot carcass weight (HCW), or carcass traits (P ≥ 0.78). Cattle fed Aspergillus ssp. blend had a greater 12th rib fat (P = 0.05). For the main effect of corn processing, cattle fed DRC had heavier HCW and final BW (P = 0.04), greater ADG (P = 0.05), and greater DMI (P < 0.01). However, steers fed HMC had greater G:F (P < 0.01) compared to DRC. These data suggest that feeding Aspergillus ssp. blend in either with dry-rolled or high moisture corn diets did not significantly improve performance or carcass characteristics in finishing beef steers. While feeding HMC improved feed efficiency compared to DRC, feeding DRC increased ADG (and also DMI) compared to HMC.

7 Effects of Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn (SYT-EFC) and corn processing methods fed with byproducts on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics

The objective of this pooled analysis was to evaluate the effect of Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn (SYT-EFC) and corn processing methods with byproducts on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Treatment factors consisted of SYT-EFC or commercial corn (CON) processed as dry-rolled (DRC) or high-moisture corn (HMC). Byproduct comparisons were 0, 18, or 30% distillers grains inclusions or with 30% Sweet Bran to determine if SYT-EFC effect was impacted by byproducts. Seven trials (n = 2,340 steers; initial BW = 327 ± 20 kg) consisting of 252 pen means with 12 treatments were analyzed utilizing contrasts. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC resulted in heavier final BW (P ≤ 0.03) and greater 12th rib fat (P < 0.01) compared to CON. There was a linear interaction between hybrid and distillers for G:F (P < 0.01). As distillers increased, G:F improved at a greater rate for CON compared to SYT-EFC. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with increasing distillers was not significantly different (P ≥ 0.68) from CON for G:F, but was 3% better than CON with 0% distillers. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with 18% distillers resulted in heavier final BW (P < 0.01) compared to 0 or 30% distillers. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with Sweet Bran resulted in heavier final BW (P ≤ 0.02) and greater ADG (P < 0.01) compared to CON. This increase in ADG with no difference in DMI, resulted in SYT-EFC diets having a 5.08% increase in feed efficiency (P < 0.01). The improvement for the corn is calculated to be 9.58% (5.08 / 0.53) when SYT-EFC was fed with Sweet Bran compared to a CON corn hybrid. No positive effects were observed when SYT-EFC was processed as HMC. These data suggest that SYT-EFC is better than CON hybrids when distillers inclusion is low or when fed with Sweet Bran.