Growth and survival of Siberian larch in Alberta at the species, population, and family levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1042-1051
Author(s):  
Andy Benowicz ◽  
Jodie Krakowski ◽  
Deogratias Rweyongeza
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Species Population

Survival and growth of Siberian larch (SL, Larix sibirica Ledeb.) were compared with those of three conifer species native to Alberta, Canada: lodgepole pine (LP; Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), white spruce (WS, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and jack pine (JP, Pinus banksiana Lamb.) at 12, 10, and 3 trial locations, respectively. The average data age was 18 years (range: 3 to 27 years). Survival of SL averaged 4.2% and 6.5% worse than LP and WS, respectively, while it was 5% better than JP. SL grew 25%, 94%, and 23% taller than LP, WS, and JP, respectively. Stem forking rates were similar between SL and LP, WS, and JP. The best seed sources for Alberta were mature trees established in Alberta and Saskatchewan of unknown initial provenances. The Russian Altai Mountain source grew well at high elevations, while the Finnish Raivola performed well in the northern, low-elevation area. Open-pollinated progeny tests of 58 families planted in five diverse locations yielded individual-tree narrow-sense heritabilities and family mean heritabilities for height at age 15 of 0.15 and 0.59, respectively. The type B between-site genetic correlation was 0.44, indicating a strong genotype × environment interaction. SL has performed well in Alberta, and its growth can be further improved by selection and breeding from appropriate seed sources.

TADAM: A dynamic whole-stand approximation for the TASS growth model

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
Dependent Growth

Growth and yield predictions for managed even-aged stands in British Columbia are based on TASS, an individual-tree distance-dependent growth model driven by an unusually detailed description of crown development. Because of its complexity, most applications utilize previously generated stand-level yield tables rather than running TASS directly. I have developed a differential equation approximation to the stand-level dynamics predicted by TASS that mimics the aggregate behaviour with sufficient accuracy for many practical purposes. Versions of this model, called TADAM, exist for planted coastal Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and white spruce. TADAM can efficiently project stand development starting from any initial conditions, and subject to any combination of thinnings. Its relative simplicity makes it suitable for embedding into landscape-level planning models and other decision support systems. It has been implemented as a C function library, as an interactive simulator running on a PDA, and as an Excel spreadsheet add-in. An example of thinning and planting density optimization is briefly described. Key words: growth and yield, stand dynamics, thinning, optimization, Pinus contorta, Picea glauca

QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION OF DNA PER CELL IN PICEA GLAUCA AND PINUS BANKSIANA

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 590-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome P. Miksche
Keyword(s):  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Nuclear Volume ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Dna Amount ◽  
Dna Variation ◽  
Seed Sources

Intraspecific variation of DNA per cell was established chemically and cytophotometrically for 17 seed sources of Picea glauca, and cytophotometrically for 11 sources of Pinus banksiana. The DNA Feulgen absorption per cell varied from the lowest to the highest amount by factors of 1.6 and 1.5 for Picea glauca and Pinus banksiana, respectively. Intraspecific DNA also varies with intraspecific nuclear volume. Intraspecific variation of histone was similar to the observed DNA variation. A regression analysis between DNA per cell and latitude provided evidence that eastern and western population series of Picea glauca existed in the seed sources studied. Two-year seedling height growth results demonstrated that eastern seed sources are different from western seed sources. Seedling height in the western provenances varied inversely with DNA content; i.e., seed sources with small DNA per cell displayed greater growth, whereas the eastern sources did not display the inverse relationship between DNA amount and 2-year growth.

Morphological indicators of growth response of coniferous advance regeneration to overstorey removal in the boreal forest

2000 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Ruel ◽  
Christian Messier ◽  
Yves Claveau ◽  
René Doucet ◽  
Phil Comeau
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Advance Regeneration ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species

Regeneration of forest stands through the preservation of existing advance regeneration has gained considerable interest in various regions of North America. The effectiveness of this approach relies on the capacity of regeneration to respond positively to overstory removal. Responses of advance regeneration to release is dependent on tree characteristics and site conditions interacting with the degree of physiological shock caused by the sudden change in environmental conditions. This paper presents a review of the literature describing the relationships between morphological indicators and the advance regeneration response to canopy removal. It focuses primarily on the following species: jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), interior spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt). Pre-release height growth has been found to be a good indicator of post-release response for many species. Live-crown ratio also appears to be a good indicator of vigour for shade-tolerant species. The ratio of leader length to length of the longest lateral at the last whorl could serve to describe the degree of suppression before harvest for shade-tolerant species. Number of nodal and internodal branches or buds has been found to be related with vigour for many species. Logging damage has been shown to be an important determinant of seedling response to overstory removal. In contrast, height/diameter ratio has limited value for predicting response to release since it varies with site, species and other factors. No clear relationship between age, height at release and response to release could be demonstrated. This paper also suggests the use of combined indicators and critical threshold values for these indicators. Key words: advance regeneration, careful logging, vigour, clearcutting

Growth and Survival of Picea glauca following Thinning of Plantations Affected by Eastern Spruce Budworm

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony W. D'Amato ◽  
Stacy J. Troumbly ◽  
Michael R. Saunders ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann ◽  
Michael A. Albers
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Eastern Spruce Budworm ◽  
Individual Tree Growth ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Stand Conditions

Abstract The effects of thinning treatments on growth and survivorship of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) plantations affected by recent eastern spruce budworm (SBW) outbreaks were examined over a 5-year period in northern Minnesota. Thinning treatments increased individual tree growth, live crown ratios (LCRs), and survival relative to unthinned stands. Overall, stands affected by SBW had lower rates of volume production than unaffected stands. In addition, individual tree volume growth was greater in thinned SBW-affected stands relative to unthinned SBW-affected stands. Across stand conditions, individual tree postthinning volume growth response was best predicted by the interaction of prethinning LCR and postthinning relative density (RD). In particular, at low stocking levels (RD = 0.20) higher live crown values resulted in the highest volume growth ratios. On the other hand, at higher stocking levels (RD 0.40–0.55) volume growth was fairly consistent, regardless of LCRs. Across all stocking levels, a minimum LCR of 40% appears to ensure high tree and stand growth rates and is also an indicator of a tree's ability to respond positively to thinning. This plasticity of white spruce suggests that stands maintained at these crown target levels can achieve high levels of stand and individual tree productivity as long as appropriate LCRs are maintained.

Growth and crown morphological responses of boreal conifer seedlings and saplings with contrasting shade tolerance to a gradient of light and height

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Claveau ◽  
Christian Messier ◽  
Philip G Comeau ◽  
K Dave Coates
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Morphological Responses ◽  
Picea Species

The effects of gradients in light levels and tree height on growth and crown attributes of six conifer species were studied in eastern and western Canada. Three conifers were studied in British Columbia (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., and Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), and three in Quebec (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Picea glauca, and Pinus banksiana Lamb.). For several growth and morphological parameters, conifers reacted strongly to both an increase in light and tree height. Significant or nearly significant interactions between light classes and height were found for height and diameter growth of most species as well as for many crown attributes for both Abies and Picea. These interactions usually indicated that growth or morphological changes occurred with increasing height from a certain light level. Within a single genus, both eastern and western tree species showed the same overall acclimation to light and height. As generally reported, Pinus species showed less variation in growth and morphological responses to light than Abies and Picea species.

Trends in forest depletion, seed supply, and reforestation in Canada during the past four decades

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Morgenstern ◽  
B. S. P. Wang
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Forest Depletion ◽  
Broadleaf Species

Progress in reforestation is reviewed and the results of a 1999 survey of seed collection and utilization are presented. The review includes forest depletion, regeneration and seed supply for Canada for the 1960–99 period. Depletion of stocked, timber-productive land has increased from less than 2 million ha annually to just under 2.5 million ha, primarily due to an increase in harvesting from about 800 000 ha to slightly over 1 million ha in recent years, and also due to larger fires during the last decade. The depleted area amounts to 1% of the total commercial forest. Natural regeneration consistently covered more than 60% of the depleted area. Artificial regeneration (seeding and planting) has increased dramatically from 86 000 ha per year in 1965 to 513 000 ha in 1990, and has since levelled off at about 460 000 ha. The seed supply situation has also improved greatly, primarily due to tree improvement that resulted in the establishment of seed orchards, which were expanded from 364 ha in 1981 to 3008 ha in 1995. New analytical biochemical methods suggest that in orchard seed, genetic variation and diversity are maintained.The seed survey, including 36 conifer and 29 broadleaf species, indicated that 2.5 billion seeds were collected in 1999 (which was not a good seed year) and 3.9 billion seeds were sown. These 3.9 billion seeds appear to be sufficient to again restock approximately 460 000 ha per year, i.e., the same area as regenerated annually in the 1995–99 period. Improved seed treatment and sowing methods appear to have made seedling production substantially more efficient during the last 20 years. The major species sown in 1999 were: Picea mariana (35%), Picea glauca (22%), Pinus contorta (13%), and Pinus banksiana (12%). For Canada as a whole, 25% of the seed came from seed orchards, but for the Maritime Provinces, Québec, and Manitoba this percentage ranged from 60 to 90%. Orchard production is still growing: British Columbia and Québec will produce 80% of their planting stock from it during the next decade, and New Brunswick and British Columbia are already harvesting seed from second-generation orchards. It is expected that the high quality of seed obtained from seed orchards will contribute significantly to the efficiency of the reforestation program and increase the value of future forests. Key words: forest depletion, reforestation, seed orchards, seed supply

Fungi that cause sapstain in Canadian softwoods

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 914-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Uzunovic ◽  
D -Q Yang ◽  
P Gagné ◽  
C Breuil ◽  
L Bernier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Forest Products Industry ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Commercially Important

The Canadian forest products industry suffers considerable losses due to discoloration caused by sapstain fungi. Although studied for a number of years, the identity, biology, and ecology of these fungi are still only partly understood. To determine which fungi caused stain problems, a detailed survey was conducted at seven selected sawmills across Canada. In summer 1997, fresh logs and lumber were set aside in the mills 1 month prior to sampling for fungi. We excluded bark-beetle-attacked wood and our logs remained free from their attack during storage. Five commercially important softwood species, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Pinus contorta Dougl., and Pinus banksiana Lamb., were included in the studies. A total of 1863 isolates were isolated from stained and adjacent areas on test wood, and were identified based on their morphological and physiological characteristics and mating compatibility to 13 different species representing five genera. The most commonly encountered genus, Ophiostoma (97%), was represented by nine species. A more diverse range of fungi was found in logs than in lumber; some species were more frequently isolated from one type of substrate and rarely (or not at all) from the other. No fungal species occurred exclusively in a particular region or wood substrate.Key words: bluestain, lumber, logs, Ophiostoma, Ceratocystis.

Tamarack (Pinaceae): previously unrecorded developmental host for pine engraver and southern pine engraver (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal J.K. Gandhi ◽  
Steven J. Seybold
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Ips Pini ◽  
Usda Forest Service ◽  
Pine Engraver ◽  
Adult Insect ◽  
Pinus Coulteri

The pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), is broadly distributed across North America (Lanier 1972; Wood 1982; Seybold et al. 1995) with a host range that includes most species of Pinus L., and in rare cases, species of Picea A. Dietrich (both Pinaceae), within its range (Swaine 1918; Bright 1976; Wood 1982; Furniss and Carolin 1992). Ips pini has been recorded from Pinus banksiana Lamb., Pinus resinosa Ait., and Pinus strobus L. (eastern North America), and from three of four subspecies of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loudon [P. c. contorta, P. c. latifolia (Engelm.) Critch., and P. c. murrayana (Balf.) Critch.], Pinus coulteri D. Don, Pinus jeffreyi Balf., Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. and C. Laws., and Pinus flexilis James (western North America) (Furniss and Carolin 1992; Seybold et al. 1995). Hopping (1964) reported I. pini on Picea rubens Sarg., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. The adult insect is intermediate in length relative to most Ips spp., ranging from 3.3 to 4.5 mm (Hopping 1964; Bright 1976; Wood 1982; USDA Forest Service 1985).

Population differentiation of the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) complex in Alberta: growth, survival, and responses to climate

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratias M. Rweyongeza ◽  
Narinder K. Dhir ◽  
Leonard K. Barnhardt ◽  
Christine Hansen ◽  
Rong-Cai Yang
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Clustering Pattern ◽  
High Elevations

Growth and survival of 33 populations from a species complex involving interior lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) and jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and their natural hybrids in Alberta were evaluated at ages 5, 10, and 15 years in eight test sites across Alberta. We determined population differentiations by estimating Mahalanobis distances between populations from the canonical discriminant analysis of the total variability and by calculating dissimilarity indexes between populations from the quadratic regression of overall growth and survival on the overall climate. The grouping of the populations based on the Mahalanobis distances showed that most jack pine populations could be separated from lodgepole and hybrid populations, but no further subdivision was possible to distinguish lodgepole from hybrid populations. This clustering pattern was remarkably similar to the grouping based on molecular markers as shown in our earlier study. This pattern of grouping is best explained by a clear elevational demarcation between jack pine at low elevations and lodgepole pine and hybrids at midrange and high elevations. The grouping of the populations based on the dissimilarity indexes revealed a somewhat contrasting pattern; most lodgepole pine populations were in one group, whereas jack pine and hybrid populations were mixed up in the other group. The two contrasting patterns of grouping suggest that nonclimatic factors such as edaphic preference and habitat disturbances are also important in determining population distributions and niche spaces in the lodgepole – jack pine complex.

scholarly journals Automatic Delineation and Height Measurement of Regenerating Conifer Crowns under Leaf-Off Conditions Using UAV Imagery

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4104
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Chadwick ◽  
Tristan R. H. Goodbody ◽  
Nicholas C. Coops ◽  
Anne Hervieux ◽  
Christopher W. Bater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Height Measurement ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Fine Spatial Resolution

The increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and high spatial resolution imagery from associated sensors necessitates the continued advancement of efficient means of image processing to ensure these tools are utilized effectively. This is exemplified in the field of forest management, where the extraction of individual tree crown information stands to benefit operational budgets. We explored training a region-based convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) to automatically delineate individual tree crown (ITC) polygons in regenerating forests (14 years after harvest) using true colour red-green-blue (RGB) imagery with an average ground sampling distance (GSD) of 3 cm. We predicted ITC polygons to extract height information using canopy height models generated from digital aerial photogrammetric (DAP) point clouds. Our approach yielded an average precision of 0.98, an average recall of 0.85, and an average F1 score of 0.91 for the delineation of ITC. Remote height measurements were strongly correlated with field height measurements (r2 = 0.93, RMSE = 0.34 m). The mean difference between DAP-derived and field-collected height measurements was −0.37 m and −0.24 m for white spruce (Picea glauca) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), respectively. Our results show that accurate ITC delineation in young, regenerating stands is possible with fine-spatial resolution RGB imagery and that predicted ITC can be used in combination with DAP to estimate tree height.

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