DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS (FORD'S STRAIN)

Ford's strain of Bacillus subtilis (N.C.T.C. 2586) dissimilated glucose mainly to 2,3-butanediol and glycerol under anaerobic conditions at pH 6.2 to 6.8. For each 100 moles of glucose fermented, 57 moles of 2,3-butanediol, 40 moles of glycerol, 20 moles of lactic acid, 13 moles of ethanol, and 5 moles of formic acid were produced. Aerobic conditions favoured formation of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin, oxidation of the substrate, and formation of acetic and butyric acids, but greatly depressed the amount of glycerol and lactic acid formed. In alkaline media (pH 7.5), acids were formed at the expense of the diol and glycerol.

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PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVIII. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY SERRATIA MARCESCENS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr47b-008 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 25b (1) ◽

pp. 65-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. C. Neish ◽

F. M. Robertson ◽

A. C. Blackwood ◽

G. A. Ledingham

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Serratia Marcescens ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Aerobic Conditions

Four strains of Serratia marcescens were found to dissimilate glucose under anaerobic conditions, producing 2,3-butanediol according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3∙CHOH∙CHOH∙CH3 + HCOOH + CO2. Under aerobic conditions little formic acid was produced and the reaction became [Formula: see text]. These reactions accounted for 40 to 60% of the glucose. The remainder was fermented to lactic acid (5 to 25%), ethanol (10 to 20%) and glycerol (1 to 4%). The lactic acid produced was 95 to 97% of the levo-isomer; the 2,3-butanediol was a meso-dextro mixture containing about 2% of the dextro-isomer.

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PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXV. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACTERIA OF THE GENUS SERRATIA

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr48b-033 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 26b (3) ◽

pp. 335-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. C. Neish ◽

A. C. Blackwood ◽

Florence M. Robertson ◽

G. A. Ledingham

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Succinic Acid ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Hydrogen Formation ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

The Third ◽

Typical Strain ◽

Different Strains

The genus Serratia may be divided into three groups on the basis of three characteristic fermentations found under anaerobic conditions. The first group, comprised of all strains of S. marcescens, S. anolium, and S. indica tested and one strain named S. kielensis, dissimilates glucose as follows: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + HCOOH + CO2. The second group, containing S. plymouthensis and some unnamed strains, dissimilates glucose according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + 2CO2 + H2. The third group containing only the most typical strain of S. kielensis carries out the reaction: C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2. These reactions account for approximately one-half of the glucose utilized, the remainder being accounted for chiefly by the ethanol and lactic acid fermentations which are found in varying proportions with different strains. All strains form some succinic acid, probably by carbon dioxide fixation. Under aerobic conditions carbon dioxide formation is stimulated, chiefly at the expense of formic acid with organisms of the first group, while hydrogen formation by organisms of the second and third groups is depressed.

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PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVII. FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE BY STRAINS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr47b-007 ◽

1947 ◽

Vol 25b (1) ◽

pp. 56-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

A. C. Blackwood ◽

A. C. Neish ◽

W. E. Brown ◽

G. A. Ledingham

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Separate Species ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

Ferment Glucose

Under aerobic conditions both the Marburg and Ford types of Bacillus subtilis dissimilate glucose, giving carbon dioxide, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol as the main products, and small amounts of glycerol and acetic, formic, lactic, and n-butyric acids. The Ford type cultures dissimilate the sugar more rapidly and also give a small amount of ethanol.Under anaerobic conditions Marburg type cultures will not ferment glucose while the Ford type cultures dissimilate it as rapidly as they do under aerobic conditions. Some strains give 2,3-butanediol, glycerol, and carbon dioxide as the major products while others give chiefly lactic acid. As much as 86% and as little as 8% of the glucose was converted to 2,3-butanediol plus glycerol. The 2,3-butanediol was a mixture of 65% meso- and 35% levo-isomers, while the lactic acid was approximately 90% dextro-isomer in most cases.It is suggested that the Ford type deserves separate species rank.

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The metabolism of glucose and pyruvate in rat retina

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1962.0033 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 156 (963) ◽

pp. 139-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Quantitative Data ◽

Lactate Production ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

Rat Retina ◽

Adult Rat ◽

Total Glucose

The metabolism of [U- 14 C]glucose and [3- 14 C]pyruvate in the adult rat retina is described. In vitro under aerobic conditions, in either phosphate or bicarbonate medium, glucose was converted into lactate, carbon dioxide, glutamate, γ -aminobutyrate, aspartate, glutamine and alanine. Under anaerobic conditions, total glucose metabolized was reduced to 60 to 70% of that under aerobic conditions, lactic acid being the only metabolic product detected. Under aerobic conditions [3- 14 C]pyruvate was converted by the retina into the same metabolites as was glucose. The quantitative data for oxygen uptake and 14 CO 2 formation were similar to those obtained with glucose as substrate; lactate production was lower and amino acid formation higher.

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STUDIES ON THE ANAEROBIC DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS (FORD'S TYPE)

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b53-023 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 265-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

A. C. Neish

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Primary Alcohol ◽

Methyl Groups ◽

Acid Fermentation ◽

Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽

Carbon 14

Bacillus subtilis (Ford's type) was able to fix only 3% of the NaHC14O3 added during anaerobic dissimilation of glucose, under conditions where Serratia marcescens and Aerobacter aerogenes fixed 38% and 54% respectively. The carbon-14 was found mainly in succinic acid, lactic acid carboxyl, and formic acid, in decreasing order of specific activity. Similar experiments with labelled formate showed it to be relatively inert, most of it being recovered unchanged. Acetate was readily metabolized by B. subtilis during the fermentation of glucose with a marked increase in the amount of 2,3-butanediol and ethanol formed, while the amount of glycerol was decreased to less than one-tenth of the normal value. Experiments with CH3C14OONa proved that the acetate was reduced to ethanol, only traces of acetate carbon being found in 2,3-butanediol or lactic acid. Fermentation of glucose-1-C14 gave 2,3-butanediol and lactic acid labelled in the methyl groups and glycerol labelled mainly in the primary alcohol groups; only a small part of the carbon-14 being found in carbon dioxide.

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THE FERMENTATION OF D-ALLOSE AND D-GLUCOSE BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m55-060 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 1 (7) ◽

pp. 473-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

H. A. Altermatt ◽

F. J. Simpson ◽

A. C. Neish

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Methyl Groups ◽

Carboxyl Group ◽

Hexose Monophosphate ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Aerobacter Aerogenes ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

Aerobacter aerogenes rapidly ferments D-allose-1-C14 and D-alIose-2-C14 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to give products labelled in the same manner as those obtained from similar fermentations of D-glucose-1-C14 and D-glucose-2-C14. The lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol obtained from the sugars labelled in carbon-1 contained C14 in the methyl groups. From the sugars labelled in carbon-2, A. aerogenes produced lactic acid, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol labelled in the carbinol groups and acetic acid labelled in the carboxyl group. The results agree with the hypothesis that both sugars are fermented under anaerobic conditions by the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas route. This route is also of major importance under aerobic conditions where little sugar appears to be dissimilated via the hexose monophosphate shunt.

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PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXXVII. A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE BACILLUS SUBTILIS FERMENTATION

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr50c-037 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 28c (6) ◽

pp. 613-622

Author(s):

A. C. Blackwood ◽

F. J. Simpson

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Optimum Temperature ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Large Yield

The optimum temperature for fermentation of seven strains of the Ford type of Bacillus subtilis is close to 45 °C. At these higher temperatures 10% glucose or equivalent hydrolyzed molasses ferments completely in six days while 10% fructose takes only three days. The rate of fermentation is similar under aerobic or anaerobic conditions but agitation or shallow layers of media increase this rate. The yields of 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, glycerol, and lactic acid are high under anaerobic conditions but in the presence of oxygen the yield of glycerol and lactic acid is decreased. The organism demonstrates strong oxidative tendencies and can give a large yield of acetoin. Other factors affecting the fermentation are also assessed.

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Differences in Cold Adaptation of Bacillus subtilis under Anaerobic and Aerobic Conditions

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.00384-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 192 (16) ◽

pp. 4164-4171 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Jana Beranová ◽

María C. Mansilla ◽

Diego de Mendoza ◽

Dana Elhottová ◽

Ivo Konopásek

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Cold Adaptation ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

Two Component ◽

Temperature Downshift ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽

Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions

ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis, which grows under aerobic conditions, employs fatty acid desaturase (Des) to fluidize its membrane when subjected to temperature downshift. Des requires molecular oxygen for its activity, and its expression is regulated by DesK-DesR, a two-component system. Transcription of des is induced by the temperature downshift and is decreased when membrane fluidity is restored. B. subtilis is also capable of anaerobic growth by nitrate or nitrite respiration. We studied the mechanism of cold adaptation in B. subtilis under anaerobic conditions that were predicted to inhibit Des activity. We found that in anaerobiosis, in contrast to aerobic growth, the induction of des expression after temperature downshift (from 37°C to 25°C) was not downregulated. However, the transfer from anaerobic to aerobic conditions rapidly restored the downregulation. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the induction of des expression was substantially reduced by the addition of external fluidizing oleic acid and was fully dependent on the DesK-DesR two-component regulatory system. Fatty acid analysis proved that there was no desaturation after des induction under anaerobic conditions despite the presence of high levels of the des protein product, which was shown by immunoblot analysis. The cold adaptation of B. subtilis in anaerobiosis is therefore mediated exclusively by the increased anteiso/iso ratio of branched-chain fatty acids and not by the temporarily increased level of unsaturated fatty acids that is typical under aerobic conditions. The degrees of membrane fluidization, as measured by diphenylhexatriene fluorescence anisotropy, were found to be similar under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

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The Reaction of Thiol Compounds with the Vitamin-K Dependent Clotting Factors

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1653570 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 21 (03) ◽

pp. 573-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P Fantl

Keyword(s):

Prothrombin Time ◽

Vitamin K ◽

Anaerobic Conditions ◽

Clotting Factors ◽

Thiol Compounds ◽

Aerobic Conditions ◽

One Stage ◽

Factor Ii ◽

Ph Dependent ◽

The One

SummaryTreatment of human and dog oxalated plasma with 0.2 to 1.0 × 10−1 M 2.3-dithiopropanol (BAL) or dithiothreitol (DTT) at 2–4° C for 30 min results in the reduction of the vitamin-K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX and X to the respective-SH derivatives. The reaction is pH dependent. Under aerobic conditions the delayed one stage prothrombin time can be partly reversed. Under anaerobic conditions a gradual prolongation of the one stage prothrombin time occurs without reversal.In very diluted plasma treated with the dithiols, prothrombin can be converted into thrombin if serum as source of active factors VII and X is added. In contrast SH factors VII, IX and X are inactive in the specific tests. Reoxidation to active factors II, VII, IX and X takes place during adsorption and elution of the SH derivatives. The experiments have indicated that not only factor II but also factors VII, IX and X have active-S-S-centres.

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