The effects of split application of enhanced efficiency fertilizers on non-winter nitrous oxide emissions from winter wheat

This study tested if non-winter cumulative nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, emission factors, and yield-scaled N2O emissions were affected by split application of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers in a rain-fed winter wheat crop. Based on initial soil tests, fertilizers were applied at 84 kg N ha−1 in year 1 and 72 kg N ha−1 in year 2. Two trials were completed each year. Trial 1 applied (1) urea, (2) urea with nitrification inhibitor, (3) nitrification and urease inhibitors, and (4) polymer-coated urea as (1) 100% side-banded at planting, 30% side-banded at planting and (2) 70% surface-applied in late fall, or (3) 70% surface-applied in spring at Feekes growth stage 4 (GS4). Trial 2 applied (1) urea–ammonium nitrate (UAN), (2) UAN treated with nitrification inhibitor, (3) urease inhibitor, (4) a combination of both, (5) granular urea, and (6) polymer-coated urea, all applied 50% side-banded at planting and 50% surface-applied at GS4. Cumulative N2O emissions from fertilized soils ranged from 0.101 to 0.433 kg N ha−1. The emission factors for trial 1 were greater in year 1 than year 2 (P ≤ 0.05). There were no treatment differences in cumulative N2O emissions in trial 2. However, cumulative N2O emissions, emission factors, and yield-scaled N2O emissions from trial 1 were higher when fertilizer was split-applied in late fall compared with at GS4 (all P ≤ 0.05). This study demonstrates that under best management practices, it is better to apply the required rate in the form of conventional fertilizer at planting rather than split application.

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Nitrous oxide emissions with enhanced efficiency and conventional urea fertilizers in winter wheat

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems ◽

10.1007/s10705-021-10118-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Haibo An ◽

Jen Owens ◽

Brian Beres ◽

Yuejin Li ◽

Xiying Hao

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Field Trials ◽

Early Spring ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

Nitrification Inhibitors ◽

Late Fall ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Polymer Coated Urea

AbstractOptimizing nitrogen fertilizer management can reduce nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study tested if split applying enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) resulted in lower N2O emissions than applying equivalent rates of urea at planting. In semiarid southern Alberta, field trials were conducted during three years (planting to harvest) in rainfed winter wheat crops. Annual fertilizer rates ranged from 146 to 176 kg N ha−1. Fertilizer types were urea, and three EEFs (polymer-coated urea, urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors, and urea with a nitrification inhibitor). Each fertilizer type was applied three ways: 100% banded at planting, split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast in late fall, and split applied 30% banded at planting and 70% broadcast at Feekes growth stage 4 (GS4, post-tiller formation, wheat entering the greening up phase in the early spring). Nitrous oxide was measured using static chambers between sub-weekly and monthly from planting to harvest. Over three years, cumulative N2O emissions ranged from 0.16 to 1.32 kg N ha−1. This was equivalent to emissions factors between 0.009 and 0.688%. Cumulative N2O emissions and emissions factors did not differ between fertilizer types, but they were lower when fertilizer was split applied at GS4 compared to in late fall (P ≤ 0.10). Our study suggests that EEFs do not reduce N2O emissions from rainfed winter wheat crops, but a well-timed split application with a majority of fertilizer applied after winter can minimize N2O emissions.

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Late Fall and Winter Nitrogen Fertilization of Turfgrass in Two Pacific Northwest Climates

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.7.1745 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (7) ◽

pp. 1745-1749 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Eric D. Miltner ◽

Gwen K. Stahnke ◽

William J. Johnston ◽

Charles T. Golob

Keyword(s):

Poa Pratensis ◽

N Uptake ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Initial Response ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Fertilizer N ◽

Late Fall ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Polymer Coated Urea

Late fall N fertilization of cool-season turfgrass in northern climates is a common practice. Previous research has been focused in climates where freezing temperatures prevail. Research in more moderate northern climates where turf may not go through winter dormancy is scarce. Four fertilizer N sources and an untreated control were applied in four different months (November, December, January, or February) to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in Puyallup, Wash., and to kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) In Pullman, Wash., to compare their effects in moderate (Puyallup) and freezing (Pullman) winter climates. In Pullman, only November applications of ammonium sulfate (AmS) or polymer coated sulfur coated urea (PCSCU) enhanced winter turfgrass quality. In Puyallup, November or December application of AmS, PCSCU, or polymer coated urea (PCU) resulted in enhanced winter quality. Polymer coated urea yielded a delayed initial response and a longer residual effect in the spring. Isobutylidenediurea (IBDU) did not improve winter turf quality in either Pullman or Puyallup. Although there was no quality response following January fertilizer application, there was suppression of red thread [Laetisaria fuciformis (McAlpine) Burds.] symptoms in Puyallup, indicating N uptake. Late fall fertilizer N in eastern Washington should be confined to November, using soluble or more quickly available slow-release nitrogen fertilizers. The application window can be extended to December in western Washington, and more slowly available coated ureas can be effectively used.

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Yield and chlorophyll index in cabbage in function of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers and urea

Scientific Electronic Archives ◽

10.36560/1312020997 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

J. J. Frazão ◽

A. R. Silva ◽

F. H. M. Salgado ◽

R. A. Flores ◽

E. P. F. Brasil

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

N Losses ◽

N Sources ◽

Promising Strategy ◽

Applied Dose ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Chlorophyll Index ◽

Polymer Coated Urea ◽

N Rates ◽

And Control

The increase of the efficiency of the nitrogen fertilization promotes reduction of the applied dose and decreases the losses of nitrogen (N) to the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield and the relative chlorophyll index (IRC) in cabbage crop under cover fertilization, using enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers, compared to urea, in variable doses. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 3x4+1 factorial scheme (three sources, four rates and control), with four replications. The N sources used were: common urea (U), urea treated with urease inhibitor NBPT® (UN) and Kimcoat® polymer coated urea (UK). The N rates used were 0, 40, 80, 160 and 320 kg ha-1, divided in two fertilizations at 20 and 40 days after transplantation. Up to 160 kg ha-1 of N, there was no difference between N sources and N rates for both yield and RCI. The enhanced-efficiency N sources (UN and UK) promoted higher averages compared to common urea, possibly due to the higher N losses from common urea. Thus, the use of urease inhibitors or polymers associated with urea is a promising strategy to improve cabbage yield, as well as reducing N losses to the environment.

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Soil solution and plant nitrogen on irrigated rice under controlled release nitrogen fertilizers

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20170279 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thais Antolini Veçozzi ◽

Rogério Oliveira de Sousa ◽

Walkyria Bueno Scivittaro ◽

Cristiano Weinert ◽

Victor Raul Cieza Tarrillo

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Rice Field ◽

Nutrient Release ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Plant Nitrogen ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Polymer Coated Urea ◽

N Use

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the solubilization and nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of controlled release nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated rice, compared to urea. It was developed under semi-controlled conditions, including five treatments: Control, Splitted Urea (pre-sowing and topdressing), Pre-sowing urea, and Polymer Coated Urea (PCU) with 60-day and 90-day release. PCUs did not maintain high NH4 + and NO3 - levels in solution over a longer period than urea. NUE of PCUs was similar to uncoated urea, not increasing nutrient release in irrigated rice field.

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The nitrification inhibitor DMPP applied to subtropical rice has an inconsistent effect on nitrous oxide emissions

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr17022 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 547 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Terry J. Rose ◽

Stephen G. Morris ◽

Peter Quin ◽

Lee J. Kearney ◽

Stephen Kimber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

Aerobic Rice ◽

Growing Period ◽

Tropical Environments ◽

Peak Flux ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Fertiliser Application

Although there is growing evidence that the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) can lower soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in temperate environments, there is little evidence of its efficacy in subtropical or tropical environments where temperatures and rainfall intensities are typically higher. We investigated N2O emissions in field-grown aerobic rice in adjacent fields in the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons in a subtropical environment. Crops were topdressed with 80 kg nitrogen (N) ha–1 before rainfall, as either urea, urea + DMPP (at 1.6 kg DMPP t–1 urea: ‘urea-DMPP’) or a blend of 50% urea and 50% urea-DMPP in the 2013–14 season, and urea, urea-DMPP or polymer (3 month)-coated urea (PCU) in the 2014–15 season. DMPP-urea significantly (P < 0.05) lowered soil N2O emissions in the 2013–14 season during the peak flux period after N fertiliser application, but had no effect in 2014–15. The mean cumulative N2O emissions over the entire growing period were 190 g N2O-N ha–1 in 2013–14 and 413 g N2O-N ha–1 in 2014–15, with no significant effect of DMPP or PCU. Our results demonstrate that DMPP can lower N2O emissions in subtropical, aerobic rice during peak flux events following N fertiliser application in some seasons, but inherent variability in climate and soil N2O emissions limited the ability to detect significant differences in cumulative N2O flux over the seasonal assessment. A greater understanding of how environmental and soil factors impact the efficacy of DMPP in the subtropics is needed to formulate appropriate guidelines for its use commercially.

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The effectiveness of nitrification inhibitor application on grain yield and quality, fertiliser nitrogen recovery and soil nitrous oxide emissions in a legume–wheat rotation under elevated carbon dioxide (FACE)

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr16371 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Humaira Sultana ◽

Helen C. Suter ◽

Roger Armstrong ◽

Marc E. Nicolas ◽

Deli Chen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Nitrous Oxide ◽

Copper Concentration ◽

Nitrification Inhibitor ◽

Elevated Carbon Dioxide ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

N Concentration ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

The Impact

Managing nitrogen (N) supply to better match crop demand and reduce losses will be an important goal under future predicted elevated carbon dioxide (e[CO2]) conditions. This study comprised two Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments conducted in southern Australia in 2011. The first experiment (Exp-1) was a field experiment that investigated the impact of a nitrification inhibitor (NI), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and supplementary irrigation on utilisation of legume (field pea) residual N by a wheat crop and soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The second experiment (Exp-2) used 15N techniques in soil cores to investigate the impact of DMPP on recovery of fertiliser N. In Exp-1, grain N concentration increased (by 12%, P < 0.001) with NI application compared with no NI application, irrespective of CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and supplementary irrigation. With NI application the grain N harvest index increased under e[CO2] (82%) compared with a[CO2] (79%). Applying the NI compensated for decreased grain copper concentration observed under e[CO2] conditions. NI had minimal effect on soil N2O emissions in the wheat crop regardless of [CO2]. In Exp-2, 65% (±1 standard error, n = 15) of the applied N fertiliser was recovered in the aboveground plant, irrespective of NI use. The use of a NI in a cereal–legume rotation may help to increase grain N concentration, increase the mobilisation of N towards the grain under e[CO2], and may also help to compensate for decreases in grain copper concentration under e[CO2]. However, use of a NI may not provide additional benefit for productivity or efficiency of N utilisation.

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The influence of different nitrogen forms and application time on winter wheat

Žemės ūkio mokslai ◽

10.6001/zemesukiomokslai.v24i3.3554 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Vita Smalstienė ◽

Irena Pranckietienė ◽

Rūta Dromantienė ◽

Gvidas Šidlauskas

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Ammonium Nitrate ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Nitrogen Form ◽

Amide Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Forms ◽

Ammonium N ◽

Winter Wheat Crop

The research was carried out at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University during 2015–2016 on medium textured loamy carbonaceous leached soil – Cal(ca)ri-Epihypogleyic Luvisols. The soil of the experimental field was the following: pHKCl 6.8–7.2; phosphorus (P2O5) – 423– 429 mg kg–1; potassium (K2O) – 157–163 mg kg–1; humus – 2.47–2.82%. The researchers explored the winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) variety ‘Skagen’ fertilized with amide (N-NH2), ammonium (N-NH4) and nitrate (N-NO3) forms of nitrogen fertilizers in different tillering stages (BBCH 21–29). 7 days after winter wheat was fertilized, the level of mineral nitrogen in the soil was on average 23.9% higher using ammonium–nitrate nitrogen form fertilizers than using amide nitrogen form ones. The index of chlorophyll and the area of leafs were essentially higher when ammonium– nitrate and amide forms of nitrogen fertilizers were used. The biggest effect on the index of chlorophyll and the area of leafs was achieved 16 days after the start of vegetation when plants were fertilized with ammonium–nitrate fertilizers. Plants fertilized with ammonium–nitrate fertilizers gave the biggest yield 4 days after the start of vegetation. Data of the experiment showed strong and statistically reliable bonds of the correlation between the grain yield and the time of fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers (ήamide nitrogen fertilizers = 0.850* and ήammonium–nitrate fertilizers = 0.878*).

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Ammonia volatilization and yield components after application of polymer-coated urea to maize

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832014000400016 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 1200-1206 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eduardo Zavaschi ◽

Letícia de Abreu Faria ◽

Godofredo Cesar Vitti ◽

Carlos Antonio da Costa Nascimento ◽

Thiago Augusto de Moura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Ammonia Volatilization ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Nutritional Characteristics ◽

Coated Urea ◽

Polymer Coated Urea ◽

Spad Readings

A form of increasing the efficiency of N fertilizer is by coating urea with polymers to reduce ammonia volatilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer-coated urea on the control of ammonia volatilization, yield and nutritional characteristics of maize. The experiment was carried out during one maize growing cycle in 2009/10 on a Geric Ferralsol, inUberlândia, MG, Brazil. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied as topdressing on the soil surface in the following urea treatments: polymer-coated urea at rates of 45, 67.5 and 90 kg ha-1 N and one control treatment (no N), in randomized blocks with four replications. Nitrogen application had a favorable effect on N concentrations in leaves and grains, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter readings and on grain yield, where as coated urea had no effect on the volatilization rates, SPAD readings and N leaf and grain concentration, nor on grain yield in comparison to conventional fertilization.

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