Diel vertical migration in the Lake Superior pelagic community. I. Changes in vertical migration of coregonids in response to varying predation risk

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2286-2295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R Hrabik ◽  
Olaf P Jensen ◽  
Steven J.D. Martell ◽  
Carl J Walters ◽  
James F Kitchell
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Prey Resources ◽  
Diel Variability ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Changing Light

The distribution of fishes is influenced by a host of physico-chemical and biological variables, including temperature and oxygen, prey abundance, feeding or assimilation rates, and predation risk. We used hydroacoustics and midwater trawls to measure the vertical distribution of pelagic fishes during a series of research cruises on Lake Superior's western arm in 2001 and 2004. Our objective was to assess vertical structuring in the fish assemblage over varying light levels. We observed variability in vertical structuring of both ciscoes (Coregonus spp.) and their primary predator, the siscowet (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet). Our results indicate that deepwater predators and prey migrate extensively over a diel cycle. This migration pattern is most consistent with changes in the distribution of prey resources for siscowet and diel variability in predation risk controlled by changing light levels for ciscoes. The magnitude of vertical migration in ciscoes increased with higher abundance of siscowets, supporting predation risk as a driver of cisco distribution. This study describes the extent of vertical migration in each group of fish, provides a statistical description of the pattern, and discusses the implications for trophic interactions in the Lake Superior food web.

scholarly journals Planktivore vertical migration and shoaling under a subarctic light regime

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Øystein Gjelland ◽  
Thomas Bøhn ◽  
John K. Horne ◽  
Ingrid Jensvoll ◽  
Frank Reier Knudsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Light Regime ◽  
Planktivorous Fish ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Coregonus Lavaretus ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Daytime Behaviour

Visually foraging planktivorous fish are prey of visual predators, and their foraging behaviour may be affected by light levels both in terms of gain and risk. The large seasonal change in day length throughout a subarctic summer at 69°N was used to show the influence of light on diel vertical migration (DVM) and shoaling patterns in a planktivorous fish assemblage consisting of two species ( Coregonus lavaretus and Coregonus albula ). Under the midnight sun in June, night and daytime behaviour was similar, with extensive shoaling and limited DVM. With increasingly darker nights towards autumn, the fish dispersed during the dark hours and showed more extensive DVM. Throughout the changing light regime of both the day and the season, the planktivores consistently chose depths with light levels compatible with visual foraging and reduced predation risk as revealed from reactive distance modelling of coregonids and their salmonid predators. The findings support the hypothesis that behavioural decisions are based on a trade-off between foraging rate and predation risk, and increased predator avoidance behaviour towards autumn suggests that this trade-off is state-dependent.

Diel vertical migration in the Lake Superior pelagic community. II. Modeling trade-offs at an intermediate trophic level

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 2296-2307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf P Jensen ◽  
Thomas R Hrabik ◽  
Steven J.D. Martell ◽  
Carl J Walters ◽  
James F Kitchell
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Diel Vertical Migration ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Mysis Relicta ◽  
Trade Offs

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain diel vertical migration (DVM); however, they have generally been applied to DVM behavior of a single trophic level. We evaluate the costs (predation risk) and benefits (foraging rate and growth rate potential) of different hypothetical and observed DVM trajectories for a three-level pelagic food chain in Lake Superior containing opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta), deepwater ciscoes (Coregonus spp.), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Lake trout appear to be maximizing foraging and growth rates by tracking vertically migrating ciscoes, while the DVM trajectories of ciscoes suggests a trade-off between predation risk and growth. For ciscoes, two alternative DVM trajectories both minimize the ratio of risk to growth: a shallow trajectory that follows low light levels down to 80 m during the day and a deep trajectory (below 150 m) that tracks highest Mysis densities. Observed cisco DVM trajectories appear to follow the shallow high risk – high growth trajectory in 2001, but switch to the deep, low risk – low growth trajectory in 2004 when lake trout density was higher and the density of ciscoes was lower.

scholarly journals Diurnal vertical migration of some cladocerans in relation to the physico-chemical factors in a fish pond

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
AS Bhuiyan ◽  
S Akhter ◽  
MMA Quddus
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Diurnal Vertical Migration ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Factors ◽  
Diurnal Movement ◽  
The Relationship

Diurnal vertical migration of four genera of cladocerans, namely Diaphanosoma sp., Daphnia sp., Moina sp. and Bosmina sp., during March to December, 2007 showed that the number of Diaphanosoma sp. was 501 units/1 in the surface layers, 172 units/l in the middle layers and 190 units/l in the bottom layers. The yearly number of Daphnia sp. in surface, middle and bottom layerss was 362 units/l, 46 units/l and 189 units/l respectively. In surface, bottom and middle layers, the number of Moina sp. was 159, 71 and 32 units/l, respectively. Bosmina sp. was 78 units/l in surface, 31 units/l in the middle and 33 units/l in the bottom layers. The number of Diaphanosoma sp., Daphnia sp., Moina sp., Bosmina sp., were 455, 149, 259 and 358 units/l, respectively in the morning, 63, 176, 142, 43 units/l at noon and 107, 55, 28, 59 units/l, respectively in the evening. Throughout the study period the cladocerans were always abundant near the surface during morning and evening. Among the factors responsible for the diurnal movement of cadoceran, light played the most important factor. The relationship between the physico-chemical factors and the cladoceran occurrence in the pond was also explored. Key words: Cladocera; Diurnal migration; Physico-chemical parameters; Fish pond DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v20i2.8975 DUJBS 2011; 20(2): 147-154

Migratory dynamics and characteristics of breeding pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from the Carp River, eastern Lake Superior

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 684-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B. Noltie
Keyword(s):  
Lake Superior ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Breeding Ecology ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Breeding Migration ◽  
Fish Remains

The pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) inhabiting the Great Lakes are unique to their species, the completion of their life cycles occurring entirely in fresh water. This report describes the breeding migration and characteristics of spawners from the Carp River, an eastern Lake Superior tributary 70 km north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Movement into the stream began at dusk each evening in 1983, seemingly in response to decreasing light levels. Nightly catch numbers varied through the 1983, 1984, and 1985 runs with date, river discharge, wind-generated turbulence, and water temperatures, although the influence of these factors differed with sex and season. Spawners varied in size through the runs each year but not in the same fashion. Spawner size and condition varied yearly in apparent response to prey abundance. Gonad maturation was complete on stream entry more often in males than in females, though this difference was less pronounced further upstream or after time spent in the river. Degree of secondary sexual character development, complete on stream entry in both sexes, differed in even- and odd-year spawners in relation to condition. The recovery rates of spawned-out males and females did not differ. Tagged fish wandered from the Carp River at a rate of at least 7%, many to spawn in adjacent streams. Despite between-year differences in some parameters, much of the breeding ecology of these fish remains comparable to that of anadromous pink salmon.

Phosphorus Kinetics in Lake Superior: Light Intensity and Phosphate Uptake in Algae

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nalewajko ◽  
K. Lee ◽  
H. Shear
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Chlorella Pyrenoidosa ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Uptake Rates

Epilimnetic phytoplankton in Lake Superior in September, 1979, had low Ik values (75–190 μE∙m−2∙s−1), low N/P ratios (8 to 13:1) and 32PO4–P uptake kinetics that were not consistent with a state of extreme phosphorus limitation. Parallel laboratory experiments with Chlorella pyrenoidosa indicated that phosphorus content per cell was higher and uptake rates of phosphate were lower in cells grown under low light (57 μE∙m−2∙s−1) than those under high light (340 μE∙m−2∙s−1). Maximum 32PO4 uptake occurred at about 50–60 μE∙m−2∙s−1 in both cultures indicating 32PO4 uptake kinetics are light dependent at very low light levels, below or close to their Ik values. It appears that light and not phosphorus limited phytoplankton growth in Lake Superior at the time of our experiments. Antecedent solar radiation prior to our experiments coupled with complete mixing of the top 20–25 m of the Lake possibly resulted in a low light-adapted phytoplankton population. We suggest that phosphorus control need not be the correct management strategy to maintain oligotrophy in Lake Superior. Key words: phosphorus, kinetics, light, primary production, mixing, management

An evaluation of light-mediated vertical migration of fish based on hydroacoustic analysis of the diel vertical movements of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Appenzeller ◽  
W. C. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Fish Population ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Lower Light

We used hydroacoustics to examine diel changes in the vertical distributions of rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec/Vermont. Our objective was to evaluate hypotheses linking diel vertical movements of fish with light levels. Smelt distributions were also monitored from June through October (1988 and 1990) to evaluate seasonal changes in their behavior. A strong relationship (r2 = 0.83) between ambient light intensities and the upper fish layer in the water column was observed. Fish depth was also related to the depth of the thermocline during the night and when surface water temperatures were > 18 °C. The most characteristic feature was the strong avoidance of light levels > 0.1 μW/cm2. However, we found considerable variation in lower light levels experienced by the whole fish population. The results suggest that existing models of anti-predation behavior relating light and fish depth are consistent, with some limitations, with patterns of diel vertical migration in rainbow smelt.

scholarly journals THE CAMBIUM AND ITS DERIVATIVE TISSUES

1931 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Bailey ◽  
Conway Zirkle
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Chemical Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Group I ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Intensive Investigation ◽  
Limited Induction

It should be emphasized, in conclusion, that the writers' investigation is a reconnaissance, and was initiated primarily in searching for more adequate techniques for the study of cytological problems. Crude as many of the data undoubtedly are, they are of some significance in outlining future trends of more intensive investigation. The occurrence of two distinct types of vacuoles within the same cell provides a valuable check upon generalizations concerning the penetration of certain dyes. The A-type vacuole affords a means of determining that a number of dyes do penetrate living plant cells readily and rapidly from acid buffers. The recognition of two distinct categories of vacuoles—which are widely distributed throughout the higher plants—and a study of their staining reactions in Group I, Group II, and Group III dyes, indicate that certain discrepancies in the literature are due to the fact that different investigators are concerned with different vacuoles and with different dyes. For an accurate visualization of the physico-chemical mechanisms of the penetration and accumulation of dyes in living cells a much wider range of reliable data is essential, both as regards the purely biological variables and the physico-chemical variables in techniques employed in their investigation. Until such data are available, generalizations from limited induction should be reduced to a minimum.

Light Levels Influence Female Choice in Túngara Frogs: Predation Risk Assessment?

Copeia ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 (2) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stanley Rand ◽  
Maria Elena Bridarolli ◽  
Laurie Dries ◽  
Michael J. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Predation Risk Assessment ◽  
Tungara Frogs
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