Some Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Arctic Fresh Waters In Alaska and Northwestern Canada

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2575-2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kalff
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Alaska ◽  
High Concentrations

Fifty-eight Arctic Alaskan lakes and rivers and two ponds as well as a few northwestern Arctic Canadian waters were analyzed for two or more physical or chemical characteristics. The waters sampled were nearly all of the bicarbonate type and ranged from very soft to hard. The Alaskan and mainland Canadian lakes contain levels of many ions similar to those of some low electrolyte lake waters previously reported for the north temperate zone. The characteristics measured, with the mean values for the Alaskan waters in brackets when 20 or more lakes or rivers were sampled, were: calcium (17.2 mg/liter), magnesium (2.1 mg/liter) total iron, total alkalinity (50.3 mg/liter), sulfate (4.9 mg/liter), chloride (3.8 mg/liter), nitrate, phosphate, electrical conductance (116 μmho), pH (7.7), and water color (24 Pt units). One of the ponds, analyzed for 18 trace metals, indicated relatively high concentrations of iron manganese, zinc, and copper. Correlation coefficients (r at P < 0.5) between various characteristics were: electrical conductance and total alkalinity, 0.98; electrical conductance and calcium, 0.97; electrical conductance and magnesium, 0.42; calcium and magnesium, 0.46; and pH and total alkalinity, 0.91. On the Coastal Plain of Arctic Alaska the total electrolyte content of lakes lying within 25–50 km from the Arctic Ocean was noticeably raised by chloride additions.

scholarly journals Elevated sources of cobalt in the Arctic Ocean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randelle M. Bundy ◽  
Alessandro Tagliabue ◽  
Nicholas J. Hawco ◽  
Peter L. Morton ◽  
Benjamin S. Twining ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. Cobalt (Co) is an important bioactive trace metal that can limit or co-limit phytoplankton growth in many regions of the ocean. Total dissolved and labile Co measurements in the Canadian sector of the Arctic Ocean during U.S. GEOTRACES Arctic expedition (GN01) and the Canadian International Polar Year-GEOTRACES expedition (GIPY14) revealed a dynamic biogeochemical cycle for Co in this basin. The major sources of Co in the Arctic were from shelf regions and rivers, with only minimal contributions from other freshwater sources (sea ice, snow) and aeolian deposition. The most striking feature was the extremely high concentrations of dissolved Co in the upper 100 m, with concentrations routinely exceeding 800 pmol L−1 over the shelf regions. This plume of high Co persisted throughout the Arctic basin and extended to the North Pole, where sources of Co shifted from primarily shelf-derived to riverine, as freshwater from Arctic rivers was entrained in the Transpolar Drift. Dissolved Co was also strongly organically-complexed in the Arctic, ranging from 70–100 % complexed in the surface and deep ocean, respectively. Deep water concentrations of dissolved Co were remarkably consistent throughout the basin (~ 55 pmol L−1), with concentrations reflecting those of deep Atlantic water and deep ocean scavenging of dissolved Co. A biogeochemical model of Co cycling was used to support the hypothesis that the majority of the high surface Co in the Arctic was emanating from the shelf. The model showed that the high concentrations of Co observed along the transect were due to the large shelf area of the Arctic, as well as dampened scavenging of Co by manganese (Mn)-oxidizing bacteria due to the lower temperatures. The majority of this scavenging appears to have occurred in the upper 200 m, with minimal additional scavenging below this depth. Preliminary evidence suggests that both dissolved and labile Co are increasing over time on the Arctic shelf, and the elevated surface concentrations of Co likely leads to a net flux of Co out of the Arctic, with implications for downstream biological uptake of Co in the North Atlantic and elevated Co in North Atlantic Deep Water. Understanding the current distributions of Co in the Arctic will be important for constraining changes to Co inputs resulting from regional intensification of freshwater fluxes from ice and permafrost melt in response to ongoing climate change.

scholarly journals Coupled impacts of sea ice variability and North Pacific atmospheric circulation on Holocene hydroclimate in Arctic Alaska

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (52) ◽  
pp. 33034-33042
Author(s):  
Ellie Broadman ◽  
Darrell S. Kaufman ◽  
Andrew C. G. Henderson ◽  
Irene Malmierca-Vallet ◽  
Melanie J. Leng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
Aleutian Low ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Alaska ◽  
The North Pacific

Arctic Alaska lies at a climatological crossroads between the Arctic and North Pacific Oceans. The modern hydroclimate of the region is responding to rapidly diminishing sea ice, driven in part by changes in heat flux from the North Pacific. Paleoclimate reconstructions have improved our knowledge of Alaska’s hydroclimate, but no studies have examined Holocene sea ice, moisture, and ocean−atmosphere circulation in Arctic Alaska, limiting our understanding of the relationship between these phenomena in the past. Here we present a sedimentary diatom assemblage and diatom isotope dataset from Schrader Pond, located ∼80 km from the Arctic Ocean, which we interpret alongside synthesized regional records of Holocene hydroclimate and sea ice reduction scenarios modeled by the Hadley Centre Coupled Model Version 3 (HadCM3). The paleodata synthesis and model simulations suggest the Early and Middle Holocene in Arctic Alaska were characterized by less sea ice, a greater contribution of isotopically heavy Arctic-derived moisture, and wetter climate. In the Late Holocene, sea ice expanded and regional climate became drier. This climatic transition is coincident with a documented shift in North Pacific circulation involving the Aleutian Low at ∼4 ka, suggesting a Holocene teleconnection between the North Pacific and Arctic. The HadCM3 simulations reveal that reduced sea ice leads to a strengthened Aleutian Low shifted west, potentially increasing transport of warm North Pacific water to the Arctic through the Bering Strait. Our findings demonstrate the interconnectedness of the Arctic and North Pacific on multimillennial timescales, and are consistent with future projections of less sea ice and more precipitation in Arctic Alaska.

scholarly journals Patterns and persistence of hydrologic carbon and nutrient export from collapsing upland permafrost

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3725-3740 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Abbott ◽  
J. B. Jones ◽  
S. E. Godsey ◽  
J. R. Larouche ◽  
W. B. Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Nutrient Export ◽  
Initial Pulse ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
The North ◽  
North Slope Of Alaska ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. As high latitudes warm, vast stocks of carbon and nitrogen stored in permafrost will become available for transport to aquatic ecosystems. While there is a growing understanding of the potential effects of permafrost collapse (thermokarst) on aquatic biogeochemical cycles, neither the spatial extent nor temporal duration of these effects is known. To test hypotheses concerning patterns and persistence of elemental export from upland thermokarst, we sampled hydrologic outflow from 83 thermokarst features in various stages of development across the North Slope of Alaska. We hypothesized that an initial pulse of carbon and nutrients would be followed by a period of elemental retention during feature recovery, and that the duration of these stages would depend on feature morphology. Thermokarst caused substantial increases in dissolved organic carbon and other solute concentrations with a particularly large impact on inorganic nitrogen. Magnitude and duration of thermokarst effects on water chemistry differed by feature type and secondarily by landscape age. Most solutes returned to undisturbed concentrations after feature stabilization, but elevated dissolved carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and sulfate concentrations persisted through stabilization for some feature types, suggesting that aquatic disturbance by thermokarst for these solutes is long-lived. Dissolved methane decreased by 90% for most feature types, potentially due to high concentrations of sulfate and inorganic nitrogen. Spatial patterns of carbon and nutrient export from thermokarst suggest that upland thermokarst may be a dominant linkage transferring carbon and nutrients from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems as the Arctic warms.

scholarly journals Linkages between the Genesis and Resource Potential of Ferromanganese Deposits in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaya Menendez ◽  
Rachael James ◽  
Natalia Shulga ◽  
Doug Connelly ◽  
Steve Roberts
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
The North ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ferromanganese Deposits ◽  
New Generation

In addition to iron and manganese, deep sea ferromanganese deposits, including nodules and crusts, contain significant amounts of economically interesting metals, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and rare Earth elements and yttrium (REY). Some of these metals are essential in the development of emerging and new-generation green technologies. However, the resource potential of these deposits is variable, and likely related to environmental conditions that prevail as they form. To better assess the environmental controls on the resource potential of ferromanganese deposits, we have undertaken a detailed study of the chemical composition of ferromanganese nodules and one crust sample from different oceanic regions. Textural and chemical characteristics of nodules from the North Atlantic and a crust from the South Pacific suggest that they acquire metals from a hydrogenous source. These deposits are potentially an economically important source of Co and the REY. On the other hand, nodules from the Pacific Ocean represent a marginal resource of these metals, due to their relatively fast growth rate caused by diagenetic precipitation. By contrast, they have relatively high concentrations of Ni and Cu. A nodule from the Arctic Ocean is characterised by the presence of significant quantities of detrital silicate material, which significantly reduces their metal resource.

HYDROLOGICAL REGIONS IN SCANDINAVIA AND FINLAND

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAGNAR MELIN
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

The rivers of Scandinavia and Finland are studied with regard to regime, regional distribution, and long-term variations in discharge. The regime studies are based on monthly mean coefficients, i.e. the relation between the monthly means and the average annual discharge for a 30-year period. Within the two main areas of nival highland and lowland regime and Atlantic snow and rain regime (Fig. 1), different regime types have been studied (Figs. 2 and 3, tables 2-4). The regional distribution has been estimated with correlation coefficients and relations between means for one year expressed as a percentage of the mean discharge of 1931-60. Some of the correlation coefficients are shown in Table 5. The variations of 30- and 10-year mean discharge in percentage of the mean discharge 1911-60. have been studied by the method of moving averages from the year 1901 (Figs. 4-9). As to the 30-year records there are four regions with different trends, the North Calotte with two parts, the Arctic Sea part and the inland, the Scandinavian high mountain district, Vestland in Norway, and the eastern lowland (Fig. 10). The relations between discharge, precipitation, and temperature are discussed. Based on the results of the studies, mainly those of regional distribution together with other elements such as the situation of drainage areas and runoff values, hydrological regions have been delineated, Fig. 11.

scholarly journals The first U-Pb (SHRIMP-II) evidence of the Franklin tectonic event at the western margin of the Siberian craton

2019 ◽  
Vol 486 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-571
Author(s):  
I. I. Likhanov ◽  
V. V. Reverdatto
Keyword(s):  
Siberian Craton ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Tectonic Event ◽  
Zircon Age ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
The North ◽  
Intraplate Magmatism ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Geochronological Evidence

Geochemical and isotope-geochronological evidence of the manifestation of Late Riphean intraplate magmatism within the Chernorechensky massif at the western margin of the Siberian craton were obtained. These rocks crystallized from high-temperature and anhydrous (water unsaturated) magmas with high concentrations of alkalis, iron, and, mostly incompatible elements, which is typical for anorogenic A-type granites in intraplate extension setting. Their U-Pb zircon age 723 ± 6 Ma can be correlated with the Franklin rift event widely manifested in the north of Laurentia, associated with the breakup of Rodinia. The synchronous successions and similar style of magmatic activity and concomitant rifting, as well as a similar sequence of tectonic-thermal events along the Arctic margin of Rodinia support the spatial proximity of Siberia and the North Atlantic cratons at this time as proposed for the paleogeographic reconstructions.

scholarly journals Elevated sources of cobalt in the Arctic Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (19) ◽  
pp. 4745-4767
Author(s):  
Randelle M. Bundy ◽  
Alessandro Tagliabue ◽  
Nicholas J. Hawco ◽  
Peter L. Morton ◽  
Benjamin S. Twining ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Shelf Area ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. Cobalt (Co) is an important bioactive trace metal that is the metal cofactor in cobalamin (vitamin B12) which can limit or co-limit phytoplankton growth in many regions of the ocean. Total dissolved and labile Co measurements in the Canadian sector of the Arctic Ocean during the U.S. GEOTRACES Arctic expedition (GN01) and the Canadian International Polar Year GEOTRACES expedition (GIPY14) revealed a dynamic biogeochemical cycle for Co in this basin. The major sources of Co in the Arctic were from shelf regions and rivers, with only minimal contributions from other freshwater sources (sea ice, snow) and eolian deposition. The most striking feature was the extremely high concentrations of dissolved Co in the upper 100 m, with concentrations routinely exceeding 800 pmol L−1 over the shelf regions. This plume of high Co persisted throughout the Arctic basin and extended to the North Pole, where sources of Co shifted from primarily shelf-derived to riverine, as freshwater from Arctic rivers was entrained in the Transpolar Drift. Dissolved Co was also strongly organically complexed in the Arctic, ranging from 70 % to 100 % complexed in the surface and deep ocean, respectively. Deep-water concentrations of dissolved Co were remarkably consistent throughout the basin (∼55 pmol L−1), with concentrations reflecting those of deep Atlantic water and deep-ocean scavenging of dissolved Co. A biogeochemical model of Co cycling was used to support the hypothesis that the majority of the high surface Co in the Arctic was emanating from the shelf. The model showed that the high concentrations of Co observed were due to the large shelf area of the Arctic, as well as to dampened scavenging of Co by manganese-oxidizing (Mn-oxidizing) bacteria due to the lower temperatures. The majority of this scavenging appears to have occurred in the upper 200 m, with minimal additional scavenging below this depth. Evidence suggests that both dissolved Co (dCo) and labile Co (LCo) are increasing over time on the Arctic shelf, and these limited temporal results are consistent with other tracers in the Arctic. These elevated surface concentrations of Co likely lead to a net flux of Co out of the Arctic, with implications for downstream biological uptake of Co in the North Atlantic and elevated Co in North Atlantic Deep Water. Understanding the current distributions of Co in the Arctic will be important for constraining changes to Co inputs resulting from regional intensification of freshwater fluxes from ice and permafrost melt in response to ongoing climate change.

A correlation analysis of the relationship between the indicators of traditional activities and the population of the Arctic zone in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Е.В. РОМАНОВА ◽  
Н.В. ХАРАЙДАНОВ
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Sakha Republic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

В статье представлены результаты корреляционного анализа взаимосвязи показателей численности населения Арктической зоны республики и результатов традиционного хозяйствования, которые для населения являются жизнеобеспечивающими. Стратегическое развитие Арктической зоны России и в том числе Республики Саха (Якутия) нацелено на создание опорных зон развития, формирование которых должно носить комплексный характер, учитывающий и промышленное освоение территорий, и защиту уклада жизни малочисленных коренных народов Севера. При этом статистика народонаселения свидетельствует о сокращении численности населения. Поэтому в статье была принята гипотеза о взаимосвязи показателей численности населения и показателей традиционного хозяйствования, среди которых были выбраны показатели поголовья северных оленей, крупного рогатого скота и лошадей. Для анализа взаимосвязей была использована эмпирическая база статистических данных за период 2017-2019 гг. по 13-ти арктическим районам (улусам) Арктической зоны Республики Саха (Якутия). Для проведения корреляционного анализа предварительно была изучена вариация по значениям показателей. Высокий уровень вариации показателей может быть объяснен тем фактом, что территория Арктической зоны республики достаточно обширна, включает 13 муниципальных районов, для каждого из которых характерен тот или иной вид хозяйствования. Корреляционный анализ включал расчет линейных парных коэффициентов корреляции за каждый год исследуемого периода. Значения коэффициентов корреляции показали, что взаимосвязь существует и имеет умеренно-сильный характер только по показателям поголовья КРС и лошадей, а по показателю поголовья северных оленей взаимосвязь не подтвердилась. В дополнение к показателям корреляции были рассчитаны коэффициенты эластичности, которые подтвердили данные выводы. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для повышения степени информированности органов государственной и местной власти в части разработки и реализации государственных мероприятий по освоению Севера России. The article presents the results of a correlation analysis of the relationship between the indices of the number of indigenous peoples of northern Yakutia and the results of traditional management, which are life-supporting for the population of the Arctic zone of the republic. The strategic development of the Russian Arctic zone, including the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), is aimed at creating supporting development zones, the formation of which should be of an integrated nature, taking into account both the industrial development of territories and the protection of the way of life of the indigenous peoples of the North. At the same time, the population statistics indicate a decline in the population. Therefore, the article adopted a hypothesis about the relationship between population indicators and indicators of traditional farming (the number of reindeer, cattle, and horses). To analyze the relationships, we used an empirical database of statistical data for the period 2017-2019 for 13 Arctic districts (uluses) of the Arctic zone of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). To carry out the correlation analysis, the variation in the values ​​of the indicators was preliminarily studied. The high level of variation in indicators can be explained by the fact that the territory of the Arctic zone of the republic is quite extensive, including 13 municipal districts, each of which is characterized by one or another type of management. The correlation analysis included the calculation of linear paired correlation coefficients for each year of the study period. The values ​​of the correlation coefficients showed that the relationship exists and has a moderately strong character only in terms of the number of cattle and horses; in terms of the number of reindeer, the relationship was not confirmed. In addition to the correlation measures, elasticity coefficients were calculated, which confirmed these conclusions. The results of the study can be used to increase the awareness of state and local authorities in terms of the development and implementation of state measures for the development of the North of Russia.

scholarly journals Impact of the mining industry on surface waters in the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 885 (1) ◽  
pp. 012048
Author(s):  
M I Ksenofontova
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract The article presents the results of hydrochemical studies of northern rivers of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It was revealed that the background hydrochemical composition of surface waters in the study area is diverse: from hydrocarbonate-sodium waters in the North-West and hydrocarbonate-sulphate waters in the North-East of Yakutia. During the study of the microelement composition of surface waters in the Arctic zone, high concentrations of total iron, manganese, and copper are found everywhere, indicating their natural origin. In places where groundwater influence is observed we found that the characteristic elements are lithium, strontium and barium. Analysing the research results, we can say that each mining enterprise has its own specific effect on surface waters, which makes its own adjustments to the chemical composition of surface waters.

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