scholarly journals Linkages between the Genesis and Resource Potential of Ferromanganese Deposits in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaya Menendez ◽  
Rachael James ◽  
Natalia Shulga ◽  
Doug Connelly ◽  
Steve Roberts
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
The North ◽  
Environmental Controls ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Ferromanganese Deposits ◽  
New Generation

In addition to iron and manganese, deep sea ferromanganese deposits, including nodules and crusts, contain significant amounts of economically interesting metals, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and rare Earth elements and yttrium (REY). Some of these metals are essential in the development of emerging and new-generation green technologies. However, the resource potential of these deposits is variable, and likely related to environmental conditions that prevail as they form. To better assess the environmental controls on the resource potential of ferromanganese deposits, we have undertaken a detailed study of the chemical composition of ferromanganese nodules and one crust sample from different oceanic regions. Textural and chemical characteristics of nodules from the North Atlantic and a crust from the South Pacific suggest that they acquire metals from a hydrogenous source. These deposits are potentially an economically important source of Co and the REY. On the other hand, nodules from the Pacific Ocean represent a marginal resource of these metals, due to their relatively fast growth rate caused by diagenetic precipitation. By contrast, they have relatively high concentrations of Ni and Cu. A nodule from the Arctic Ocean is characterised by the presence of significant quantities of detrital silicate material, which significantly reduces their metal resource.

Little-known arctic species Montacuta spitzbergensis (Bivalvia: Montacutidae) from the north-western Pacific with notes on Montacuta substriata and Tellimya ferruginosa

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gennady M. Kamenev
Keyword(s):  
Sea Of Okhotsk ◽  
First Record ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Species ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Western ◽  
North Western Pacific

An expanded description of a little-known arctic species Montacuta spitzbergensis from the Sea of Okhotsk with new data on its morphology, ecology and geographical distribution is given. This is the first record of M. spitzbergensis from the north-western Pacific. It differs from other species of Montacuta in its large (to 8.4 mm), elongate–ovate, thick shell with wide, slightly curved hinge plate, wide, short, and shallow resilifer, and weakly developed external ligament. This species occurs in the Arctic Ocean (Spitsbergen, Barents, Kara, Laptev and Chukchi Seas) and the Pacific Ocean (Sea of Okhotsk) at depths from 9 to 232 m at a bottom temperature from −1.62°C to +2.50°C. The hinge structure of the type species of the genera Montacuta and Tellimya is also discussed.

scholarly journals Feeding of adult sea bream Brama japonica in the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-215
Author(s):  
Alexander Ya. Efimkin
Keyword(s):  
Bering Sea ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The North Pacific ◽  
The Bering Sea

Feeding habits of adult sea bream are considered on the samples collected in the North Pacific and Bering Sea in the last several years. This species is a predator with the diet highly dependent on its habitat and composition of prey (small-sized fish and squids). It has two or three peaks of consumption daily, which change seasonally and year-to-year; anyway, the morning (3-6 a.m.) is usually the time of the lowest consumption, at least in summer and autumn, and the daytime is the normal time for feeding. The sea bream does not eat zooplankton usually, but Euphausia pacifica was a significant portion of its diet (34 %) in the southern part of surveyed area in the summer of 2009, possibly because of high concentrations of euphausiids in that area. Daily ration of adult sea bream is 2.5-3.5 % of its body weight.

scholarly journals Language and Literature Education in Azerbaijan and Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Ayşe Derya Eskimen
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Literature Education ◽  
Document Review

Turkish world geography is a vast geography. In its broadest sense, it expands from Balkans in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east; from the Arctic Ocean in the North to Tibet in the South. The subject of our study is Azerbaijan which is one of the independent states in this geography. In the study, similarities and differences of Turkish and Azerbaijan education system, language-literature education, curriculum, course books were analysed. Azerbaijan was chosen for the study since it is akin to Turkey in the sense of language and geography and it also takes the head in Turkish world in education and culture. In the collection of data, document review method was used and in the light of information acquired, positive aspects of both countries were used.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Paleolithic Industries in Altai According to the Archaeological Records of Denisova Cave

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Михаил Шуньков ◽  
Mihail Shun'kov ◽  
Анатолий Деревянко ◽  
Anatoliy Derevyanko ◽  
Максим Козликин ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Cave Deposits ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Core Issues

Today, Altai has the most insightful archaeological sites reflecting the ancient history of the vast space spanning from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from Mongolia to the Arctic Ocean. The most engaging findings in the study of the primitive period were obtained in the North-Western part of Altai based on the materials of a crosscutting study of multilayer Paleolithic sites in the valley upstream of the River Anuy. The longest cultural timeline was stu­died in Denisova Cave. Analysing the Pleistocene cave deposits, the researchers applied a number of modern methods in archeology, stratigraphy, lithology, paleontology, geochronology, and other related sciences. Besides cave deposits with numerous artefacts, they discovered extensive paleontological materials, which helped to trace the evolution of cultural traditions from the primitive period to the end of the Paleolithic era and reconstruct the living conditions of the primitive human beings across the paleogeographic stages of the Pleistocene. The latest anthropological discoveries in the cave are associated with the core issues in the development of Homo genus and the formation of modern man.

Numerical modeling of the consequences of "marine heatwaves" in the North Pacific for the Arctic Ocean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Golubeva ◽  
Gennady Platov ◽  
Marina Kraineva
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Chukchi Sea ◽  
Heat Content ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Bering Strait ◽  
The North ◽  
Pacific Waters ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The North Pacific

<p>As a result of the analysis of the NOAA surface temperature observational data (Huang et al., 2020), the periods corresponding to "marine heatwaves" in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (2013-2019) were identified. Marine heatwaves were defined as exceeding the 90th percentile threshold. The same analysis of the temperature in the Bering Strait's immediate vicinity showed anomalously warm waters in the same years. Analysis of the pressure field, which forms the atmosphere's dynamic state and affects the water circulation system of the Bering Sea, allowed us to assume the inflow of anomalously warm Pacific waters into the Chukchi Sea. To analyze the North Pacific heatwaves' consequences for the Arctic Ocean, we carried out two numerical experiments using the regional ocean and sea ice model SibCIOM (Golubeva et al., 2018) and NCEP/NCAR atmospheric reanalysis data (Kalnay et al., 1996). The first numerical experiment was carried out to calculate hydrodynamic and ice fields from January 2000 to November 2020 (Experiment 1). On the Arctic and the Pacific Ocean boundary in the Bering Strait, we used the monthly average climatic values ​​of the transport, temperature, and salinity of waters coming from the Pacific Ocean. Experiment 2 was carried out from 2014 to November 2020. The calculated values ​​of hydrological and ice characteristics obtained in Experiment 1 were used as the initial state for this experiment. In contrast to Experiment 1,  a heat flux exceeding the average climatic values ​​was set at the Bering Strait in Experiment 2. Its assignment was provided by using temperature values ​​from observational data in the Bering Strait vicinity (Huang et al., 2020). Comparison of monthly average hydrological and ice fields obtained in two numerical experiments and analysis of numerical results showed that an increase in the temperature of the Pacific waters entering the Arctic shelf through the Bering Strait leads to an increase in the heat content of the Chukchi Sea waters, heat transfer by currents in the surface and subsurface layers, a gradual increase in the heat content of the Beaufort Sea, and the reduction of Arctic ice cover. The increase in heat content in Experiment 2 for the Beaufort Sea was obtained in both the upper 50-meter and 250-meter layers.</p><p>The research is supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant №. 19-17-00154.</p>

Conquering Old Ocean

2018 ◽  
pp. 107-139
Author(s):  
Jason W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Central American ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Spanish American ◽  
Spanish American War ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The North Pacific

This chapter examines U.S. Navy’s hydrographic efforts after the American Civil War, in the period from 1865-1890, an era in which earlier commercial imperatives began to significantly breakdown with the near demise of the American merchant marine and amid slowly-growing geo-strategic imperatives related to the growth of American imperial aspirations, particularly in the Pacific Ocean. The chapter traces a multiplicity of hydrographic efforts from the North Pacific, to the Central American isthmus, the Arctic and the deep sea, arguing that this era was actually one of vigour for American naval science even as the American navy more generally shrank considerably from wartime peaks and lost ground in terms of technological innovation. The Navy’s hydrographic efforts show both a continued commercial imperative and now, emergent strategic interests that would fully emerge in 1898 during the Spanish-American War and with the acquisition of a territorial empire. Finally, despite a growing faith in technology and machines to both usher new dimensions of hydrographic surveys and to change the natural world, these American efforts remained limited, often undermined by the magnitude and dangers of scientific work in a difficult environment.

Oceanographic Regions and Assessment of Temperature Structure in the Seasonal Zone of the North Pacific Ocean

1964 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Tully
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Universal System ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The North Pacific

There are eight climatic regions from the Equator to the Arctic in the Pacific Ocean. In each region the distinct oceanographic temperature structures and their seasonal sequences are described and related to surface weather processes and transport. Procedures for observation and interpretation of data must be adapted to suit the regional models of structure and behaviour. However, a rational universal system of information presentation is feasible and is demonstrated. The concepts may be extended to other oceans.

scholarly journals Research Gap Analysis of Remote Sensing Application in Fisheries: Prospects for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Kuo-Wei Yen ◽  
Chia-Hsiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Research Hotspots

Remote sensing (RS) technology, which can facilitate the sustainable management and development of fisheries, is easily accessible and exhibits high performance. It only requires the collection of sufficient information, establishment of databases and input of human and capital resources for analysis. However, many countries are unable to effectively ensure the sustainable development of marine fisheries due to technological limitations. The main challenge is the gap in the conditions for sustainable development between developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study applied the Web of Science database and geographic information systems to analyze the gaps in fisheries science in various countries over the past 10 years. Most studies have been conducted in the offshore marine areas of the northeastern United States of America. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. This study also found that research hotspots of satellite RS applications in fisheries were mainly conducted in (1) the northeastern sea area in the United States, (2) the high seas area of the North Atlantic Ocean, (3) the surrounding sea areas of France, Spain and Portugal, (4) the surrounding areas of the Indian Ocean and (5) the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay sea areas to the north of Taiwan. A comparison of publications examining the three major oceans indicated that the Atlantic Ocean was the most extensively studied in terms of RS applications in fisheries, followed by the Indian Ocean, while the Pacific Ocean was less studied than the aforementioned two regions. In addition, all research hotspots were located in the Northern Hemisphere, indicating a lack of relevant studies from the Southern Hemisphere. The Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean have been the subjects of many local in-depth studies; in the Pacific Ocean, the coastal areas have been abundantly investigated, while offshore local areas have only been sporadically addressed. Collaboration and partnership constitute an efficient approach for transferring skills and technology across countries. For the achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030, research networks can be expanded to mitigate the research gaps and improve the sustainability of marine fisheries resources.

scholarly journals A subduction influence on ocean ridge basalts outside the Pacific subduction shield

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. Yang ◽  
C. H. Langmuir ◽  
Y. Cai ◽  
P. Michael ◽  
S. L. Goldstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mantle Flow ◽  
Mantle Heterogeneity ◽  
Gakkel Ridge ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Mid Ocean Ridge ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Back Arc ◽  
Ocean Ridge

AbstractThe plate tectonic cycle produces chemically distinct mid-ocean ridge basalts and arc volcanics, with the latter enriched in elements such as Ba, Rb, Th, Sr and Pb and depleted in Nb owing to the water-rich flux from the subducted slab. Basalts from back-arc basins, with intermediate compositions, show that such a slab flux can be transported behind the volcanic front of the arc and incorporated into mantle flow. Hence it is puzzling why melts of subduction-modified mantle have rarely been recognized in mid-ocean ridge basalts. Here we report the first mid-ocean ridge basalt samples with distinct arc signatures, akin to back-arc basin basalts, from the Arctic Gakkel Ridge. A new high precision dataset for 576 Gakkel samples suggests a pervasive subduction influence in this region. This influence can also be identified in Atlantic and Indian mid-ocean ridge basalts but is nearly absent in Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalts. Such a hemispheric-scale upper mantle heterogeneity reflects subduction modification of the asthenospheric mantle which is incorporated into mantle flow, and whose geographical distribution is controlled dominantly by a “subduction shield” that has surrounded the Pacific Ocean for 180 Myr. Simple modeling suggests that a slab flux equivalent to ~13% of the output at arcs is incorporated into the convecting upper mantle.

scholarly journals Quaternary Marine Mollusk Associations of the Last Interglacials in North Patagonia (Argentina): Paleoecology and Paleoclimates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Charó
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
The North ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Crassostrea Rhizophorae ◽  
Mis 5E

Deposits of different Quaternary marine transgressions are largely exposed in the Argentine north Patagonian littoral (39°15′S–41°02′S), south of the Buenos Aires and north of Río Negro provinces. The malacological associations of 84 sites were studied. Among them, 31 belong to Pleistocene deposits of the interglacials ≥ MIS 9, MIS 7, MIS 5e, 29 to Holocene deposits of the interglacial MIS 1, and 24 sites of modern beaches. These sites yielded 7385 fossils among valves and shells, of 78 species (42 bivalves and 36 gastropods), including 11 micromolluskan species. The record of the bivalves Crassostrea rhizophorae in the south of the Buenos Aires Province, and Anomalocardia brasiliana (both currently inhabiting lower latitudes), and very likely the gastropod Tegula atra (inhabiting today the Pacific Ocean) in the north of Río Negro Province, suggests that interglacials MIS 7, MIS 5e and MIS 1 were warmer than today. However, the associations determined for the studied interglacials have not changed in their composition, but in abundance of species, except for the latitudinal shifts of the three mentioned species, and the presence of cold to temperate water taxa since the MIS 1 in the ecotonal area of the north of Río Negro Province. Changes in the associations of northern Patagonia during the Quaternary derived from global changes (sea surface temperature, salinity, etc.), and the existence of habitat heterogeneity in each of the areas, that enabled the co-existence of different bivalve and gastropod species of the local benthic marine malacofauna.

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