Metabolism and Biliary Excretion of Sulfobromophthalein by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1301-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana C. Schmidt ◽  
L. J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Liver Blood Flow ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Spinal Transection ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Plasma Half Life

The plasma half-life of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was 13 min for doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg and 29 min for a dose of 15 mg/kg. The biliary BSP transport maximum (Tm) averaged 9.6 μg/min per kg for five fish while the blood clearance averaged 1.7 ml/min per kg for two fish. Normal bile flows of 0.87 μliter/min per kg in trout were increased upon anesthetization but were unaffected in fish allowed to recover from spinal transection. Spinal transection did not affect the plasma half-life of BSP.The data presented support the conclusion that the transport of BSP from liver cells to bile is the rate-limiting step in the excretion of this dye. When the BSP Tm of trout was compared to literature values for mammals and dogfish (Squalus acanthias), large differences were found which were probably caused by effects of different temperatures and blood flows. When the Tm values of the various species were based on blood clearance of BSP (reflecting liver blood flow) the differences were greatly reduced, suggesting similar abilities of the liver of the various species to excrete this dye.

Elimination of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), and an Examination of its Kinetics in Lake Ontario Salmonids

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1350-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Niimi ◽  
C. Y. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Kinetics Of

Subadult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed diets containing hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to establish mean body burdens of 225 and 440 μg HCB per fish. They were sampled after 0, 24, 55, and 110 d to estimate the rate of elimination. The biological half-life or T[Formula: see text] of HCB for trout under the prescribed laboratory conditions was estimated to be at least 7 mo, and perhaps as long as several years. T[Formula: see text] was calculated using body burden or μg HCB per fish, and tissue concentrations or μg/kg HCB. Estimates of T[Formula: see text] derived from tissue concentrations ranged from 61 to 117 d, but this was shown to be due to a relative increase in body weight over the study period. The implications of increasing body weight on kinetics measurements are discussed, and an equation is presented that adjusts for changes in body weight where estimates of T[Formula: see text] are calculated using tissue concentrations.The results of this and other studies on HCB were used to examine the kinetics of HCB in salmonids collected from Lake Ontario. Using the information derived from laboratory studies on rainbow trout, good agreement was achieved between the expected level and that monitored in field samples of rainbow trout, but only a fair agreement was suggested for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Differences in the HCB kinetics of these species may be attributed to body weight, age, and perhaps feeding habits. Concentrations of HCB reported in field sampling programs generally range from 1 to 100 μg/kg in fish, and it is suggested that these levels are primarily due to the limited availability of HCB in the Lake Ontario environment.Key words: contaminants, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), half-life, elimination, depuration, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; Lake Ontario

Sublethal Toxicity of Cyanide to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) at Different Temperatures

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor G. Kovacs ◽  
Gérard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sublethal Toxicity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Flow Through

At sublethal levels cyanide was more potent at lower temperatures. This was verified in 20-d laboratory growth experiments carried out on juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in flow-through aquaria maintained at 6, 12, and 18 °C. Cyanide concentrations in the range of 0.005–0.045 mg∙L−1 HCN significantly reduced growth rates (wet weight, dry weight, and fat), the effective concentrations increasing with temperature. Some adaptation to cyanide seemed to occur as manifested by faster growth rates. Liver glycogen and lactic acid monitored for 20 d in rainbow trout exposed to 0.015 mg∙L−1 HCN showed an initial shift towards glycolysis, followed by a return to aerobic respiration. This response, however, varied with temperatures. Previous exposure to cyanide markedly reduced swimming performance of the fish tested at their acclimation temperatures, but in the absence of the toxicant. The effect also increased with decreasing temperatures.Key words: cyanide, sublethal toxicity, rainbow trout, temperature, growth, swimming, liver metabolites

scholarly journals On the Mechanisms of Sodium Ion Transport by the Irrigated Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore H. Kerstetter ◽  
Leonard B. Kirschner ◽  
Donald D. Rafuse
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Small Volume ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Type Relation ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Na Uptake

Sodium uptake by rainbow trout gills has been investigated with a small-volume system enabling rapid, successive flux measurements in different solutions. Sodium influx obeys a Michaelis-Menten type relation, with a Km of 0.46 mM, and uptake proceeds unimpaired in the absence of penetrating counter-ions. This suggests a coupled cation exchange. Ammonia output is about the same as the Na+ influx when external [Na+] is 1 mM, but at higher or lower Na+ influxes, the correlation does not hold. A progressive downward shift in the pH of the irrigating medium as Na+ influx increases indicates that the exchanging cation is hydrogen. In support of this, acetazolamide, which inhibits Na+ uptake, also prevents the downward pH shift. The potential across the gill is about 10 mv, body fluids positive, in NaCl solutions up to 10 mM, and is little affected by changes in Na+ concentration below that. Finally, evidence for locating the rate-limiting step at the outer membrane of the epithelium is presented.

Acute Toxicity of Cyanide to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Acclimated at Different Temperatures

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor G. Kovacs ◽  
Gérard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cyanide Concentration ◽  
Cyanide Toxicity ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations ◽  
Flow Through

The toxicity of cyanide (HCN) to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated for 3 wk at 6, 12, and 18 °C was determined at these temperatures by flow-through bioassays, in the cyanide concentration range of 0.018–0.087 mg∙L−1. The 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.028 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 6 °C, 0.042 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 12 °C, and 0.068 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 18 °C. Warm acclimated rainbow trout survived longer in lethal concentrations of cyanide. Toxicity curves clearly showed the temperature effect on the acute toxicity of cyanide is concentration dependent. At slowly lethal concentrations, cyanide is more toxic at lower temperatures, whereas at rapidly lethal levels the reverse occurs; the reversal takes place at 0.10 mg∙L−1 HCN.Key words: cyanide, acute toxicity, temperature, rainbow trout

scholarly journals The Quantitative Clearance of Bacteria from the Bloodstream of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Ferguson ◽  
M. J. Claxton ◽  
R. D. Moccia ◽  
E. J. Wilkie
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Tissue Distribution ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Rapid Phase ◽  
Salmonella Pullorum

The blood clearance of 51Cr-labelled heat-killed Salmonella pullorum was biphasic and exponential for each phase. This pattern was the same for all three concentrations of bacteria used. The initial more rapid phase lasted for approximately 15 minutes when roughly 90% of the bacteria had been cleared. The second slower phase started 25 to 30 minutes post-inoculation and lasted for approximately 25 to 30 minutes. The tissue distribution of bacteria showed that in both absolute and relative terms, the kidney was the most important organ, accounting for more than 70% uptake of the bacteria. These kinetics demonstrate that rainbow trout at 8°C are able to clear their bloodstream of Salmonella very efficiently, in a fashion very similar to mammals. It is not known, however, which of the various possible clearance mechanisms dominates each phase.

Covalent Complexes Between Low Molecular Weight Heparin Fragments and Antithrombin III – Inhibition Kinetics and Turnover Parameters

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Hoylaerts ◽  
E Holmer ◽  
M de Mol ◽  
D Collen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Plasma Half Life ◽  
Covalent Complex

SummaryTwo high affinity heparin fragments (A/r 4,300 and M, 3,200) were covalently coupled to antithrombin III (J. Biol. Chem. 1982; 257: 3401-3408) with an apparent 1:1 stoichiometry and a 30-35% yield.The purified covalent complexes inhibited factor Xa with second order rate constants very similar to those obtained for antithrombin III saturated with these heparin fragments and to that obtained for the covalent complex between antithrombin III and native high affinity heparin.The disappearance rates from plasma in rabbits of both low molecular weight heparin fragments and their complexes could adequately be represented by two-compartment mammillary models. The plasma half-life (t'/j) of both low Afr-heparin fragments was approximately 2.4 hr. Covalent coupling of the fragments to antithrombin III increased this half-life about 3.5 fold (t1/2 ≃ 7.7 hr), approaching that of free antithrombin III (t1/2 ≃ 11 ± 0.4 hr) and resulting in a 30fold longer life time of factor Xa inhibitory activity in plasma as compared to that of free intact heparin (t1/2 ≃ 0.25 ± 0.04 hr).

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