Acute Toxicity of Cyanide to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Acclimated at Different Temperatures

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1426-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor G. Kovacs ◽  
Gérard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Cyanide Concentration ◽  
Cyanide Toxicity ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations ◽  
Flow Through

The toxicity of cyanide (HCN) to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated for 3 wk at 6, 12, and 18 °C was determined at these temperatures by flow-through bioassays, in the cyanide concentration range of 0.018–0.087 mg∙L−1. The 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) were 0.028 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 6 °C, 0.042 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 12 °C, and 0.068 ± 0.004 mg∙L−1 at 18 °C. Warm acclimated rainbow trout survived longer in lethal concentrations of cyanide. Toxicity curves clearly showed the temperature effect on the acute toxicity of cyanide is concentration dependent. At slowly lethal concentrations, cyanide is more toxic at lower temperatures, whereas at rapidly lethal levels the reverse occurs; the reversal takes place at 0.10 mg∙L−1 HCN.Key words: cyanide, acute toxicity, temperature, rainbow trout

Acute Toxicity to Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) of Naturally Occurring Insect Juvenile Hormone Analogues

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2556-2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Leach ◽  
A. N. Thakore ◽  
J. F. Manville
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Toxic Compound ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Juvenile Hormone Analogues ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations

Median lethal concentrations (LC50) of four insect juvenile hormone analogues (IJHA) for juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured in bioassays with 4-h solution renewal. The most toxic compound tested was Δ4′-dehydrojuvabione, with a 48-h LC50 of 1.4 mg/liter and an estimated 96-h LC50 of approximately 0.8 mg/liter. Juvabione, epimeric mixtures of dihydrojuvabiones, and epimeric mixtures of juvabiols had 96-h LC50’s of 1.5, 1.8, and 2.0 mg/liter, respectively. All fish, including those that survived for 96 h, became lethargic soon after exposure to solutions of the IJHA, and their skins darkened. The toxicants were unstable in aqueous solution.

Assessment of the Acute Toxicity, Growth Impairment, and Flesh Tainting Potential of a Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
K. W. Flood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystem ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Kraft Mill Effluent ◽  
Kraft Mill

Static and continuous-flow bioassays utilizing juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were conducted on a northern Ontario bleached kraft mill effluent to assess the range of acute toxicity and related sublethal effects. The acute toxicity of the total mill effluent, as determined by static bioassay procedures, ranged from a 96-h LC50 value of 14–49.0% vol/vol. The results of these bioassays depended on testing methodology and effluent treatment systems employed by the mill when samples were collected. Continuous-flow bioassays conducted on the effluent Produced 96-h LC50 values of 21.8 and 24.8% vol/vol. Growth rate of juvenile rainbow trout (1–2 g) held under continuous-flow conditions for 18 days was significantly reduced at 6% vol/vol effluent concentration (P < 0.05). Flavor of yearling rainbow trout [Formula: see text] exposed to 3% effluent for 48 h was significantly impaired (P < 0.05). This effluent concentration, the lowest level impairing flavor represents approximately 0.12 of the 96-h LC50 derived from continuous-flow bioassays. No significant flavor impairment was detected in fish exposed for 144 h to a 2% effluent concentration Flavor impairment at a 3% vol/vol effluent concentration, the most sensitive sublethal response measured in this study, may also be the most critical response when assessing the economic impact of a kraft mill discharge to a freshwater ecosystem.

Acute Toxicity of Nitrite to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1653-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemarie C. Russo ◽  
Charlie E. Smith ◽  
Robert V. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Flow Through

Flow-through bioassays on the acute toxicity of nitrite to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of four different sizes (2–235 g) showed median lethal concentration (LC50) values for 4 days ranging from 0.19 to 0.39 mg/liter NO2–N. For 12-g rainbow trout the asymptotic LC50 was 0.14–0.15 mg/liter NO2–N after 8 days.

Isolation and Identification of Constituents Toxic to Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in Caustic Extraction Effluents from Kraft Pulpmill Bleach Plants

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1249-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Leach ◽  
A. N. Thakore
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fractionation Procedure ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations

Chemical constituents in effluent from the caustic extraction stage of the bleach plant at a western Canada kraft pulpmill were fractionated to identify factors responsible for their toxicity to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). At all stages in the fractionation procedure bioassays were carried out to monitor toxicities of the isolated materials. Five toxic compounds, separated in a pure state from the effluent, were characterized by chromatography, spectroscopy, and chemical synthesis. The compounds and their 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50) measured in static bioassays were: 3,4,5-trichloroguaiacol (0.75 mg/liter), 3,4,5,6-tetrachloroguaiacol (0.32 mg/liter), monochlorodehydroabietic acid (0.6 mg/liter), dichlorodehydroabietic acid (0.6 mg/liter), 9,10-epoxystearic acid (1.5 mg/liter).The same compounds were shown to be present in caustic extraction effluents collected from six other western kraft mills. For two samples, the concentration–toxicity graphs from bioassays of solutions containing only the pure toxicants in the amounts found by analysis were similar to those of the actual effluents produced by the mills. Concentrations of the toxic constituents in samples from six different mills were equivalent to 2.3–24 TU (toxic units), confirming that they are important factors in the toxicity of caustic extraction effluents.

Sublethal Toxicity of Cyanide to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) at Different Temperatures

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor G. Kovacs ◽  
Gérard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sublethal Toxicity ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Flow Through

At sublethal levels cyanide was more potent at lower temperatures. This was verified in 20-d laboratory growth experiments carried out on juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) in flow-through aquaria maintained at 6, 12, and 18 °C. Cyanide concentrations in the range of 0.005–0.045 mg∙L−1 HCN significantly reduced growth rates (wet weight, dry weight, and fat), the effective concentrations increasing with temperature. Some adaptation to cyanide seemed to occur as manifested by faster growth rates. Liver glycogen and lactic acid monitored for 20 d in rainbow trout exposed to 0.015 mg∙L−1 HCN showed an initial shift towards glycolysis, followed by a return to aerobic respiration. This response, however, varied with temperatures. Previous exposure to cyanide markedly reduced swimming performance of the fish tested at their acclimation temperatures, but in the absence of the toxicant. The effect also increased with decreasing temperatures.Key words: cyanide, sublethal toxicity, rainbow trout, temperature, growth, swimming, liver metabolites

Acute toxicity of zinc to juvenile and subadult rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

1987 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 898-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Meisner ◽  
W. Quan Hum
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri

Effects of synthetic peptide fragments of teleocalcin (hypocalcin) on calcium uptake in juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1990 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Milliken ◽  
R.C. Fargher ◽  
A. Butkus ◽  
M. McDonald ◽  
D.H. Copp
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Peptide Fragments ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Metabolism and Biliary Excretion of Sulfobromophthalein by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1301-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana C. Schmidt ◽  
L. J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Liver Blood Flow ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Clearance ◽  
Spinal Transection ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Plasma Half Life

The plasma half-life of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was 13 min for doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg and 29 min for a dose of 15 mg/kg. The biliary BSP transport maximum (Tm) averaged 9.6 μg/min per kg for five fish while the blood clearance averaged 1.7 ml/min per kg for two fish. Normal bile flows of 0.87 μliter/min per kg in trout were increased upon anesthetization but were unaffected in fish allowed to recover from spinal transection. Spinal transection did not affect the plasma half-life of BSP.The data presented support the conclusion that the transport of BSP from liver cells to bile is the rate-limiting step in the excretion of this dye. When the BSP Tm of trout was compared to literature values for mammals and dogfish (Squalus acanthias), large differences were found which were probably caused by effects of different temperatures and blood flows. When the Tm values of the various species were based on blood clearance of BSP (reflecting liver blood flow) the differences were greatly reduced, suggesting similar abilities of the liver of the various species to excrete this dye.

Some Toxic Constituents of Chlorination-Stage Effluents from Bleached Kraft Pulp Mills

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McKague
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp ◽  
Toxic Materials ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mills

Constituents responsible for the toxicity of a sample of bleached kraft chlorination-stage effluent to juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were investigated. Tetrachlorocatechol, 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol, and 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone were identified and evidence was obtained for the presence of other chlorodihydroxybenzenes in toxic acidic fractions of the sample. Concentrations of 0.46 mg/L 3,4,5-trichloro- and 0.74 mg/L tetrachloro-catechol were estimated in the sample by analytical gas chromatography. Toxic materials in the nonacidic fraction were not identified although the nontoxic dichloromethyl methyl sulfone was isolated.Key words: chlorination-stage effluent, toxicity, pulp mill, chlorocatechols, chlorodihydroxybenzenes

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