Stress of Formalin Treatment in Juvenile Spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Wedemeyer ◽  
W. T. Yasutake
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Treatment Side Effects ◽  
Blood Ph

The physiological stress of 200 ppm formalin treatments at 10 C is more severe in the juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) than in the spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). In the steelhead, a marked hypochloremia follows a 1-hr treatment and recovery requires about 24 hr. During longer treatments, hypercholesterolemia together with reduced regulatory precision, hypercortisolemia, alkaline reserve depletion, and hypocapnia unaccompanied by a fall in blood pH occur — suggestive of compensated respiratory alkalosis. In the spring chinook, hypochloremia and reduced plasma cholesterol regulatory precision are the significant treatment side effects but recovery requires only a few hours.Formalin treatments also cause epithelial separation, hypertrophy, and necrosis in the gills of both fishes but again, consistent with the physiological dysfunctions, these are more severe in the steelhead.

Ceratomyxa shasta Noble, 1950 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) present in the Fraser River system of British Columbia

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1991-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
River System ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Steelhead Trout

An examination of 220 chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 84 coho salmon (O. kisutch), 145 steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), and 21 cutthroat trout (S. clarki) for Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) from 16 localities in the Fraser River drainage, British Columbia, showed that at all sites examined these salmonid species were infected, with a prevalence ranging between 11 and 100%. The study concludes that C. shasta, the causative agent of the salmonid disease ceratomyxosis, is widely distributed in the Fraser drainage basin and discusses these results in relation to proposed fish culture in the region.

Permanence of Station in Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1453-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon Edmundson ◽  
F. E. Everest ◽  
D. W. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Previous Summer

Daytime movements and night locations of juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) and night locations of spring-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were observed in Johnson Creek and the Lochsa River in Idaho during the summers of 1965 and 1966. The observations were made by branding fish and observing them subsequently under water. The distances between sequential sightings of branded steelhead within each day and over longer periods were recorded. In 151 sequential sightings of steelhead within each day in Johnson Creek, 58% of the distances moved were less than 3 m and 86% were less than 6 m. In 59 sequential sightings of branded steelhead on successive days in the Lochsa River and Johnson Creek, 53% were less than 3 m and 68% were less than 6 m apart. In sightings of branded steelhead separated by 10–14 days, 45% (25) of the sequential sightings were less than 3 m and 63% were less than 6 m apart. Movements of spring-run juvenile chinook salmon within each day were measured in a stream aquarium (10.5 m long and 0.6 m wide). Of 272 observed daily movements, 65% were less than 0.6 m. Steelhead trout were inactive at night, occupying bottom areas of low velocity, usually inshore. During the day they were in areas of moderate current. Chinook salmon were observed at night to be both on the bottom and near the surface in quiet water, and on the bottom in flowing water. Chinook salmon were found at all depths in quiet water during the day. In winter, some steelhead trout were found in the substrate in the same area they occupied the previous summer.

Digestibility and Utilization of Canola Meal in Practical-Type Diets for Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
High Level

The digestibility study indicated that dry matter digestibility of canola meal (CM) was low (56.2–60.4%), probably due to the high fiber content of this product and its relatively high level of complex carbohydrates. Energy and protein digestibility of CM were 72.4 and 83.2%, respectively, and the essential amino acid digestibilities were similar to those of protein in the CM. CM cannot successfully replace either soybean meal or fish meal in practical-type diets for young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) without sacrificing growth. Supplementation with additional arginine, lysine and zinc, or energy to CM-based diets did not overcome the growth depressing effects. CM supplementation to the trout diet affected the thyroid gland of the fish, producing a diffuse, microfollicular hyperplasia that increased in severity with increasing CM supplementation. Young rainbow trout appear to be more sensitive to dietary glucosinolates than chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and total glucosinolate levels of 158 μg/g or more are deleterious to these fish. We conclude that CM should not, at this time, be included as a feed ingredient in commercial trout diets for young rainbow trout.

Vulnerability to predation and physiological stress responses in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) experimentally infected with Renibacterium salmoninarum

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1599-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G Mesa ◽  
Thomas P Poe ◽  
Alec G Maule ◽  
Carl B Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Chinook

We experimentally infected juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs), the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), to examine the vulnerability to predation of fish with differing levels of Rs infection and assess physiological change during progression of the disease. Immersion challenges conducted during 1992 and 1994 produced fish with either a low to moderate (1992) or high (1994) infection level of Rs during the 14-week postchallenge rearing period. When equal numbers of treatment and unchallenged control fish were subjected to predation by either northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) or smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), Rs-challenged fish were eaten in significantly greater numbers than controls by nearly two to one. In 1994, we also sampled fish every 2 weeks after the challenge to determine some stressful effects of Rs infection. During disease progression in fish, plasma cortisol and lactate increased significantly whereas glucose decreased significantly. Our results indicate the role that BKD may play in predator-prey interactions, thus ascribing some ecological significance to this disease beyond that of direct pathogen-related mortality. In addition, the physiological changes observed in our fish during the chronic progression of BKD indicate that this disease is stressful, particularly during the later stages.

Potentiated Sulfonamide Therapy of Enteric Redmouth Disease

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Bullock ◽  
G. Maestrone ◽  
C. Starliper ◽  
B. Schill
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Artificial Infection

Effective control of enteric redmouth disease was obtained during artificial infection of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and in natural outbreaks in rainbow trout and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with a potentiated sulfonamide, Ro5-O037, a combination of five parts sulfadimethoxine and one part ormetoprim. Treatment was given at the rate of 50 mg/kg of fish for 5 d.Key words: potentiated sulfonamide, enteric redmouth, therapy, salmonids

Relation of Water Temperature to Flexibacter columnaris Infection in Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri), Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) Salmon

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1553-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Holt ◽  
J. E. Sanders ◽  
J. L. Zinn ◽  
J. L. Fryer ◽  
K. S. Pilcher
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Time To Death

The effect of water temperature upon mortality from experimental infection by Flexibacter columnaris and on mean time to death was investigated in juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Eight temperatures increasing from 3.9 to 23.3 C (39 to 74 F) by increments of 2.8 C (5 F) were studied. Fish were infected by the direct contact method whereby a suspension of the pathogen was added to the water. It was found that at temperatures of 9.4 C (49 F) and below, no deaths due to the experimental infection with F. columnaris occurred. At 12.2 C (54 F) mortality varied from 4 to 20% among the three species, and increased progressively with increasing temperature to 100% in steelhead trout and coho salmon at 20.5 C (69 F), and 70% in chinook salmon at that temperature. With all three salmonid species, an inverse linear relationship was found between water temperature and the log10 of the mean number of days from exposure to death. This means that as the temperature increased above 12.2 C (54 F), the disease process was progressively accelerated, resulting in a minimum time to death at 20.5 or 23.3 C (69 or 74 F) and a maximum at 12.2 C (54 F). The results indicate that under the conditions of these experiments, columnaris disease in salmonids was completely suppressed by water temperatures of 9.4 C (49 F) or below.

Effects of Salinity on Growth, Metabolism, and Ion Regulation in Juvenile Rainbow and Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Fall Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 2083-2094 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Morgan ◽  
George K. Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
Ion Regulation

Rainbow and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fry were acclimated to a range of salinities to test the hypothesis that the energy requirements for ion regulation would be minimal at an isotonic water salinity (8–10 ppt). Survival, growth, metabolic rate, plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations, and seawater adaptability were measured for 5–12 wk, depending on the species. Growth of all three species was highest in fresh water and declined with increasing salinity. Metabolic rates increased with salinity and were inversely correlated with growth rates. Isotonic salinity, therefore, did not offer significant metabolic or growth advantages to rainbow, steelhead, and chinook fry. While plasma Na+ and Cl− concentrations varied among groups, chinook fry tended to better maintain ionic homeostasis at higher salinities than the trout. Acclimation to the various dilute salinities did not influence the seawater adaptability of juvenile steelhead trout or chinook salmon. Our results indicate that optimal salinities for growth and metabolic rates were influenced by species and life history stage. The metabolic rate data suggested that the energetic cost of ionic regulation increased with salinity, but attempts to quantify this cost were probably affected by other metabolic processes which responded to changes in salinity.

Endohelminths of salmonids from two localities in eastern Lake Michigan, with emphasis on Echinorhynchus salmonis

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1604-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Muzzall
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

Adult salmonids (101 chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha; 7 coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch; 56 lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush; 6 steelhead, Salmo gairdneri; and 2 brown trout, Salmo trutta) were collected from eastern Lake Michigan (Ludington and Manistee, Michigan) in July–September 1986, and examined for helminths. Eight species (three Cestoda, three Nematoda, two Acanthocephala) were found in the digestive tract and other viscera. Echinorhynchus salmonis and Eubothrium salvelini were the most common helminths found. The intensity of E. salmonis significantly increased as chinook salmon became older and longer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document