Vaired Effects of Clear-cut Logging on Predators and Their Habitat in Small Streams of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Murphy ◽  
James D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Stream Communities ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Gradient Effects ◽  
Size Gradient ◽  
Lower Biomass

Assemblages of aquatic vertebrate and insect predators were inventoried in streams in old-growth and logged coniferous forests in the western Cascades of Oregon to assess effects of clear-cut logging on stream communities. Effects associated with logging depended on stream size, gradient, and time after harvest. Clear-cut sections where the stream was still exposed to sunlight (5–17 yr after logging) generally had greater biomass, density, and species richness of predators than old-growth (> 450-yr-old) forested sections. Increases were greatest in small (first-order), high gradient (10–16%) streams, where clear-cut sites had both greater periphyton production and coarser streambed sediment than old-growth sites of similar size and gradient. Effects on predators were mixed in larger, lower gradient streams, where clear-cut sites showed accumulation of sediment and relatively small increases in periphyton production. Second-growth logged sections (12–35 yr after logging), reshaded by deciduous forest canopy, had lower biomass of trout and fewer predator taxa than old-growth sites.Key words: trout, salamanders, insects, logging, sediment, periphyton, watershed management

Allochthonous versus Autochthonous Organic Matter Contributions to the Trophic Support of Fish Populations in Clear-Cut and Old-Growth Forested Streams

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Bilby ◽  
Peter A. Bisson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Growth Site ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Autochthonous Organic Matter

Annual organic matter inputs and production of stocked coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (O. clarki clarki), and shorthead sculpin (Cottus confusus) from spring through early autumn were monitored for 2 yr in two headwater tributaries of the Deschutes River, Washington. One site was bordered by old-growth coniferous forest; the other was an area clear-cut without buffer strips 7 yr before the study. Allochthonous organic matter (terrestrial origin) dominated inputs to the old-growth site and contributed ~300 g∙m−2∙yr−1, while autochthonous organic matter totaled ~100 g∙m−2∙yr−1. In the clear-cut site, autochthonous inputs contributed ~175 g∙m−2∙yr−1, but allochthonous inputs contributed only ~60 g∙m−2∙yr−1 owing to loss of riparian vegetation. Although combined allochthonous and autochthonous inputs were almost twofold greater in the old-growth site, fish production was greater in the clear-cut site. Production of coho salmon and shorthead sculpin during early summer was largely responsible for differences between sites. Fish populations appeared to depend upon food derived from autotrophic pathways during spring and summer in the presence or absence of forest canopy, a hypothesis supported by analysis of coho stomach contents and the similar ratios of autochthonous inputs and fish production between the two streams.

Bryophyte response to forest canopy treatments within the riparian zone of high-elevation small streams

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.K. Baldwin ◽  
C.L. Petersen ◽  
G.E. Bradfield ◽  
W.M. Jones ◽  
S.T. Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Buffer Strips ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Small Streams ◽  
Group Frequency ◽  
Riparian Buffer Strips ◽  
Associated Species

Riparian buffer strips are increasingly used to mitigate disturbance effects on terrestrial biota found adjacent to streams, yet it is unclear how the effects of canopy treatment (clear-cut, buffer, or intact forest) will interact with pre-existing stream–upland gradients. We questioned whether proximity to the stream would influence bryophyte richness and whether the effects of canopy treatment on bryophyte composition and functional group representation would differ along the stream–upland gradient. Bryophyte richness, abundance, and composition were sampled in continuous forest (n = 6), two-sided buffers (buffer width approximately 15 m on both stream sides; n = 10), and clear-cuts (n = 7) in the southern interior of British Columbia. At each site, bryophyte functional group frequency was sampled within 10 × 2 m belt transects located at 1, 5, and 10 m from the stream edge. Both distance from the stream and canopy treatment were strongly associated with bryophyte community variation. The richness of many functional groups was highest immediately adjacent to the stream. The richness and frequency of forest-associated species, as well as the overall extent of the bryophyte mat, had the highest values in continuous forests, intermediate values in buffers, and lowest values in clear-cuts. Although significant differences in bryophyte communities occurred between buffers and clear-cuts at all distances from the stream, differences between buffers and continuous forest were nonsignificant. These results indicate that riparian buffers can play an important role in the mitigation of harvesting effects on the bryologically rich communities along small headwater streams.

Characteristics and Function of Large Woody Debris in Streams Draining Old-Growth, Clear-Cut, and Second-Growth Forests in Southwestern Washington

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2499-2508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Bilby ◽  
James W. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Stream Size ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pool Formation

Amount of large woody debris (LWD) surveyed in 70 stream reaches flowing through old-growth, clear-cut, and second-growth forests decreased with increasing stream size for all stand types but was greatest at old-growth sites. Average piece volume was larger at old-growth sites than at other stand types in streams >10 m wide, but no differences were seen in smaller streams. Scour pools accounted for 90% of the wood-associated pools at second-growth and clear-cut sites but only 50% at old-growth sites, which contained more pools than other stand types, particularly for larger streams. Pool size was similar for all stand types in smaller streams, but averaged 10 m2 in streams >10 m wide at old-growth sites and 4 m2 for other stand types. Pool size was similar for all stand types in smaller streams. Sediment and fine organic matter retained by woody debris decreased with increasing stream size for ail stand types, but old-growth sites contained greater amounts of both materials than other stand types. The frequency of pool formation, the type of pool formed, and sediment accumulation were influenced by the amount of fine debris associated with LWD. Changes in LWD amount, characteristics, and function occurred very rapidly following removal of streamside vegetation.

Gas Exchange in Six Tropical Semi-Deciduous Forest Canopy Tree Species During the Wet and Dry Seasons

Biotropica ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Hogan ◽  
A. P. Smith ◽  
M. Samaniego
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Canopy Tree ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Canopy Tree Species ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

scholarly journals Natural Regeneration of the Tree Stand in the Bilberry Spruce Forest—Clear-Cutting Ecotone Complex in the First Post-Logging Decade

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Nadezhda V. Genikova ◽  
Viktor N. Mamontov ◽  
Alexander M. Kryshen ◽  
Vladimir A. Kharitonov ◽  
Sergey A. Moshnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting

Bilberry spruce forests are the most widespread forest type in the European boreal zone. Limiting the clear-cuttings size leads to fragmentation of forest cover and the appearance of large areas of ecotone complexes, composed of forest (F), a transition from forest to the cut-over site under tree canopy (FE), a transition from forest to the cut-over site beyond tree canopy (CE), and the actual clear-cut site (C). Natural regeneration of woody species (spruce, birch, rowan) in the bilberry spruce stand—clear-cut ecotone complex was studied during the first decade after logging. The effects produced by the time since cutting, forest edge aspect, and the ground cover on the emergence and growth of trees and shrubs under forest canopy and openly in the clear-cut were investigated. Estimating the amount and size of different species in the regeneration showed FE and CE width to be 8 m—roughly half the height of first-story trees. Typical forest conditions (F) feature a relatively small amount of regenerating spruce and birch. The most favorable conditions for natural regeneration of spruce in the clear-cut—mature bilberry spruce stand ecotone are at the forest edge in areas of transition both towards the forest and towards the clear-cut (FE and CE). Clear-cut areas farther from the forest edge (C) offer an advantage to regenerating birch, which grows densely and actively in this area.

Macrofungi from six habitats over five years in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1518-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Roberts ◽  
Oluna Ceska ◽  
Paul Kroeger ◽  
Bryce Kendrick
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Clayoquot Sound

Over 5 years, macrofungi from six habitats in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were documented. Habitats were categorized as dune, spruce fringe, old-growth rainforest, second-growth forest, bog, or estuarine. All but the second-growth forest are natural ecosystems. A total of 551 taxa of macrofungi were recorded. Between 17% and 36% of the species in any one habitat were found only in that habitat. The most frequently encountered and ubiquitous species was Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel., found in all years, habitats, and sites. Of the 551 taxa, only 28 were found every year, and 308 were found in only 1 year. Rare species that were recorded include Cordyceps ravenelii Berkeley & Curtis, Hygrophorus inocybiformis Smith, and Tricholoma apium Schaeffer in the dunes and Stereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead in the spruce fringe. Similarities between habitats based on taxa in common showed that bog and estuarine habitats had only 9%–17% in common with each other and the other habitats, whereas dune, spruce fringe, and the two forest types shared 21%–31% of their species. Old-growth rainforest yielded approximately 4 times as many species as bog and estuarine habitats, and approximately 1.5 times as many as the other three habitats.Key words: Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, macrofungi, habitats, biodiversity.

scholarly journals Mosaics of canopy openness induced by tropical cyclones in lowland rain forests with contrasting management histories in northeastern Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-894 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON J. GROVE ◽  
STEPHEN M. TURTON ◽  
DANNY T. SIEGENTHALER
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Lowland Rain Forest ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Local Topography ◽  
Marked Points ◽  
Impacted Site

Tropical Cyclone ‘Rona’ crossed the coast of the Daintree lowlands of northeastern Australia in 1999. This study reports on its impact on forest canopy openness at six lowland rain forest sites with contrasting management histories (old-growth, selectively logged and regrowth). Percentage canopy openness was calculated from individual hemispherical photographs taken from marked points below the forest canopy at nine plots per site 3–4 mo before the cyclone, and at the same points a month afterwards. Before the cyclone, when nine sites were visited, canopy openness in old-growth and logged sites was similar, but significantly higher in regrowth forest. After the cyclone, all six revisited sites showed an increase in canopy openness, but the increase was very patchy amongst plots and sites and varied from insignificant to severe. The most severely impacted site was an old-growth one, the least impacted a logged one. Although proneness to impact was apparently related to forest management history (old-growth being the most impacted), underlying local topography may have had an equally strong influence in this case. It was concluded that the likelihood of severe impact may be determined at the landscape-scale by the interaction of anthropogenic with meteorological, physiographic and biotic factors. In the long term, such interactions may caution against pursuing forest management in cyclone-prone areas.

scholarly journals Seasonal change of leaf and woody area profiles in a midlatitude deciduous forest canopy from classified dual-wavelength terrestrial lidar point clouds

2018 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 279-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Li ◽  
Alan Strahler ◽  
Crystal Schaaf ◽  
David Jupp ◽  
Michael Schaefer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Dual Wavelength ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar

Forest Regrowth on the Cumberland Plateau and Implications for Productive Management

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Muller
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Cumberland Plateau ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Nutrient Pools ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Commercial Species

Abstract An old-growth forest and a 35-year-old, second-growth forest on the Cumberland Plateau were studied to compare species composition and structure. Species composition and total basal area of the two stands did not differ, although total stand density was 19 percent lower and basal area of commercial species was 25 percent higher in the old-growth than in the second-growth stand. Analysis of size-class distributions showed that both stands were best represented by an inverse J-shaped distribution, which best describes old-age stands. The rapid regeneration of the second-growth stand seems to be the result of minimal disturbance to accumulated nutrient pools in the soil. The importance of these accumulated nutrient pools and implications for forest management on the Cumberland Plateau are discussed.

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