Environmental Regulation of Growth Rate, Efficiency, and Swimming Performance in Larval Capelin (Mallotus villosus), and its Application to the Match/Mismatch Hypothesis

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 691-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Frank ◽  
William C. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Larval Condition

We examined the influence of in situ environmental conditions on the growth rate, growth efficiency, and swimming ability of larval capelin (Mallotus villosus). Larval growth rate and efficiency prior to first feeding were strongly influenced by temperatures in the beach-rearing environment prior to dispersal. The interacting effects of water temperature and hours of sunlight (solar heating) on this intertidal habitat were the major regulators of growth (R2 ≥ 0.96). A model based on these parameters accurately predicted growth rates of larvae in the gravel sampled in two previous years. Larval condition at the time of dispersal into the pelagic environment was a negative function of the length of time spent in the beach gravel and of temperature conditions during that period. Swimming performance at dispersal was directly related to larval condition. Our data indicate that environmental conditions during the early (preexogenous feeding) period can influence growth efficiency, size attained at first feeding and the prey capture ability of larvae independent of the yolk reserves available at hatching, and the quantity and quality of the food available at the obligatory onset of exogenous feeding.Key words: capelin, Mallotus villosus; growth rate, growth efficiency, swimming performance, larvae, intertidal zone, temperature

Latitudinal dependence of body condition, growth rate, and stable isotopes of juvenile capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

Polar Biology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1451-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark B. Barton ◽  
John R. Moran ◽  
Johanna J. Vollenweider ◽  
Ron A. Heintz ◽  
Kevin M. Boswell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Latitudinal Dependence ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus

scholarly journals Spatially variable larval histories may shape recruitment rates of a temperate reef fish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shima ◽  
S Swearer
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Open Coast ◽  
Temperate Reef ◽  
Rocky Reefs ◽  
Larval Condition ◽  
Temperate Reef Fish

Several long-standing hypotheses purport variation in recruitment to be positively correlated with pelagic environmental conditions that enhance larval growth, survival, and/or delivery to recruitment sites. However, the relationship between recruitment intensity and larval environmental conditions (or more directly, larval condition) is difficult to evaluate and poorly known for most species. We evaluate this relationship for the reef fish Forsterygion lapillum that commonly inhabits rocky reefs throughout New Zealand. We quantified variation in recruitment of F. lapillum using a nested sampling design, and found that the largest source of variation was between 2 nearby regions (a semi-enclosed harbour and an adjacent open coast system). We estimated 'settler condition' as the composite of residual body mass and 2 measurements of larval growth (reconstructed from otolith microstructure) and found that recruitment intensity was positively correlated with settler condition for sites within the harbour, but negatively correlated with settler condition for sites on the open coast. Mean pelagic larval duration of recruits to the harbour was ̃3 d shorter than recruits to the open coast. These results suggest that larval experience and relationships between recruitment and settler condition are spatially variable. We speculate that (1) larval retention within a productive embayment facilitates a positive relationship between recruitment and settler condition while (2) dispersal through a less productive environment drives a negative relationship for replenishment on the open coast. These putative differences may have important implications for patterns of recruitment, the strength of post-settlement density-dependent interactions, and dynamics of local populations.

scholarly journals Spatially variable larval histories may shape recruitment rates of a temperate reef fish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shima ◽  
S Swearer
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fish ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Open Coast ◽  
Temperate Reef ◽  
Rocky Reefs ◽  
Larval Condition ◽  
Temperate Reef Fish

Several long-standing hypotheses purport variation in recruitment to be positively correlated with pelagic environmental conditions that enhance larval growth, survival, and/or delivery to recruitment sites. However, the relationship between recruitment intensity and larval environmental conditions (or more directly, larval condition) is difficult to evaluate and poorly known for most species. We evaluate this relationship for the reef fish Forsterygion lapillum that commonly inhabits rocky reefs throughout New Zealand. We quantified variation in recruitment of F. lapillum using a nested sampling design, and found that the largest source of variation was between 2 nearby regions (a semi-enclosed harbour and an adjacent open coast system). We estimated 'settler condition' as the composite of residual body mass and 2 measurements of larval growth (reconstructed from otolith microstructure) and found that recruitment intensity was positively correlated with settler condition for sites within the harbour, but negatively correlated with settler condition for sites on the open coast. Mean pelagic larval duration of recruits to the harbour was ̃3 d shorter than recruits to the open coast. These results suggest that larval experience and relationships between recruitment and settler condition are spatially variable. We speculate that (1) larval retention within a productive embayment facilitates a positive relationship between recruitment and settler condition while (2) dispersal through a less productive environment drives a negative relationship for replenishment on the open coast. These putative differences may have important implications for patterns of recruitment, the strength of post-settlement density-dependent interactions, and dynamics of local populations.

Seasonal distribution, abundance, and growth of larval capelin (Mallotus villosus) and the role of the Lower Estuary (Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada) as a nursery area

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1508-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Ouellet ◽  
Alice Olga Victoria Bui ◽  
Diane Lavoie ◽  
Joël Chassé ◽  
Nicolas Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Lower Estuary ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Lawrence Estuary ◽  
Particle Tracking Model ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Tracking Model ◽  
St Lawrence Estuary

Capelin (Mallotus villosus) spawning in the St. Lawrence Estuary is concentrated in the Upper Estuary (UE). The northwest Gulf of St. Lawrence (NW GSL) was presented as the principal nursery for capelin originating from the estuary. In 2009 and 2010, we investigated the abundance, distribution, and size structure of capelin larvae in this system, and a particle tracking model was used to simulate larval dispersion. There was evidence of retention and larval growth in the Lower Estuary (LE), and older larvae were found in the LE by the end of summer. In October 2009, it was possible to link the cohorts of large larvae to emergence events in the UE in spring. Capelin larvae were more abundant or bigger (mean length) in the LE relative to the NW GSL in fall 2006, 2008, and 2009. We conclude that the LE is the habitat of a unit of the GSL capelin population composed of individuals that are retained in this region following hatching in the UE and that there is limited mixing with larvae originating in the NW GSL.

scholarly journals Erratum to: Latitudinal dependence of body condition, growth rate, and stable isotopes of juvenile capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

Polar Biology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1465-1466
Author(s):  
Mark B. Barton ◽  
John R. Moran ◽  
Johanna J. Vollenweider ◽  
Ron A. Heintz ◽  
Kevin M. Boswell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Latitudinal Dependence ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus

Temperature-based spawning habitat selection by capelin (Mallotus villosus) in Newfoundland

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1622-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Crook ◽  
Emily Maxner ◽  
Gail K. Davoren
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Forage Fish ◽  
Spawning Habitat ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus

Abstract The location of reproduction is a key life history trait, as it influences the bio-physical conditions that offspring experience and, thus, fitness. Capelin Mallotus villosus is a small (< 200 mm), short-lived forage fish that spawns in two habitats in coastal Newfoundland: warm beaches and cool, deep water (15–40 m). From 2009 to 2014, we investigated temperature-dependent spawning habitat use by quantifying hourly temperature at spawning sites during July within each habitat along with population-level spawning site use. Capelin did not spawn at sites with temperatures <2 °C or consistently >12 °C, supporting the estimated suitable spawning temperature range (2–12 °C). Spawning typically occurred exclusively at beaches early in July when deep-water habitat was too cold (i.e. <2 °C), and then switched to deep-water habitat later in July when beaches became too warm (i.e. >12 °C). Spawning overlapped for 1–3 d in both habitats when temperatures were within suitable ranges (2011, 2013), but capelin also spawned exclusively in one habitat when temperatures remained suitable in the other. The latter suggests that other factors influence spawning habitat selection, such as conspecific egg densities and other environmental conditions. Overall, the flexible use of spawning habitats, along with wide tolerance ranges of capelin eggs to environmental conditions, are likely key adaptations to maximize fitness and stabilize population dynamics of this important forage fish species in an unpredictable environment.

Coastal Water Mass Replacement: Its Effect on Zooplankton Dynamics and the Predator–Prey Complex Associated with Larval Capelin (Mallotus villosus)

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 991-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth T. Frank ◽  
William C. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Water Mass ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Safe Site ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Zooplankton Dynamics ◽  
Site Water

We examined the hypothesis that the onshore wind-regulated initiation of larval emergence and drift in capelin (Mallotus villosus) was adaptive. Onshore winds were found to induce rapid water mass exchange in coastal Newfoundland resulting in the replacement of cold, high-saline, predator-laden waters with warmer, less-saline waters in which the abundance of an important fraction of the predator community was reduced 3- to 20-fold and zooplankton densities in the edible size fraction were increased 2- to 3-fold. In situ enclosure experiments indicate that the synchronous emergence of larval capelin during onshore winds, coupled with the reduced predator density at this time, results in predator satiation. Wind-induced elevations of the biomass of the edible zooplankton size fraction can produce fivefold increases in the daily growth rate of larval capelin. Capelin larvae thus initiate their drift and first feeding in a wind-induced "safe site." The abundance of eggs and larvae of 11 other marine fish species were also found to be associated with this "safe site" water mass.Key words: capelin, Mallotus villosus; water mass replacement, predation, feeding, growth, larval fish, survival, wind effects, drift, dispersal, enclosures, zooplankton

Meteorological and Hydrographic Regulation of Year-Class Strength in Capelin (Mallotus villosus)

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Leggett ◽  
K. T. Frank ◽  
J. E. Carscadden
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Large Spatial Scale ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Parent Stock

Year-class strength (YCS) in eastern Newfoundland stocks of capelin (Mallotus villosus), a beach spawning osmerid, during the interval 1966–78 was strongly influenced by onshore wind frequency during the period immediately following hatching (WIND) and water temperatures experienced during the subsequent period of larval drift (TEMPSUM). The exact form of the relationship was ln YCS = 16.10 − 0.19WIND + 0.19TEMPSUM, R2 = 0.58. Wind conditions subsequent to hatching are known to influence both the timing of larval emergence from the beach spawning beds and the physical condition of larvae at emergence. Our analysis suggests that the influence of wind on early larval survival is also strong. The role of water temperatures during drift may be indirect, operating via its influence on food production. This could operate by altering mortality rates due to starvation or by altering growth rates which would influence swimming performance, predator avoidance, and time to metamorphosis. The strong influence of these abiotic variables, independent of parent stock size, adds further support to the hypothesis that abiotic factors operating at critical periods in larval development may be more important than spawning stock biomass as regulators of year-class size. Our findings also suggest that these critical periods must be identified and quantified at time scales relevant to individual larvae if reliable forecasting of year-class strength is to be achieved. On the other hand, the large spatial scale of the effects suggests that the space scale of individual larvae is of lesser importance in such analyses.

Observations on feeding of the squid Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (Lesueur, 1821) in captivity

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 913-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen E. Bradbury ◽  
Frederick A. Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Mallotus Villosus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Capelin Mallotus Villosus ◽  
Subsequent Introduction

The short-finned ommastrephid Illex illecebrosus illecebrosus (Lesueur) was induced to feed on dead capelin (Mallotus villosus (Müller)) while in captivity. The sessile arms, rather than the tentacles, are used in prey capture. Although the fish were dead, the ommastrephid still severed the spinal cord immediately upon capture, as described in earlier field observations. After feeding, non-ingestible portions (head, intestine, and tail fin) are forcibly ejected and the arms are cleaned of particles by a water jet from the funnel.Apparently, feeding in captivity is restricted to early morning hours, and one feeding in a tank precluded the acceptance of food by tank mates upon subsequent introduction of capelin.An encounter between two squid for the same capelin is described.

Effects of feeding ration on larval swimming speed and responsiveness to predator attacks: implications for cohort survival

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H Chick ◽  
Michael J Van Den Avyle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Pomoxis Nigromaculatus ◽  
Alosa Aestivalis ◽  
Fish Predators ◽  
Larval Condition

We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the effects of feeding ration on the routine swimming speed of larval striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and their responsiveness to simulated-predator attacks. Striped bass were reared in low (7 prey·L-1), medium (354 prey·L-1), or high (740 prey·L-1) prey treatments from age 4 to 14 days posthatch. Larvae reared in the low-prey treatment had slower routine swimming speeds and shorter reactive distances and were less responsive to simulated-predator attacks. These differences were most pronounced after age 10 and appeared to be an effect of deteriorating larval condition rather than an effect of size. Simulation models were constructed for two potential fish predators, Alosa aestivalis and Pomoxis nigromaculatus, to examine how variation in growth rate, swimming speed, and responsiveness to predator attacks might influence mortality rate. Our simulations predicted that cohort mortality rate would decrease with increasing larval growth rates, even though faster routine swimming speed and growth rate increased encounter rates with predators. The influence of larval growth rate and responsiveness on mortality rate varied between the two predators, but cohorts experiencing no growth always had the greatest mortality rate.

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