Multivariate Morphometric Variability in Pacific Salmon: Technical Demonstration

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1150-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Winans
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Morphometric Data ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Hatchery Stock ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
And Storage

A computer oriented approach to the collection and analysis of morphometric characteristics in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is described. A three-step data collection and storage method is used whereby X–Y coordinate data for relevant morphological features on a body form are collected with a digitizing pad and used to calculate morphometric characters. To test this method, I calculated two morphometric data sets, a conventional and a truss network, and compared them by multivariate analysis in a preliminary study of growth and development in one hatchery stock of fish, and in a survey of population differences in three naturally occurring populations of chinook salmon. Technical advantages of using a digitizing pad for collecting morphometric data are demonstrated. Hatchery-reared chinook salmon showed marked changes in body shape during the period of spring smoltification when marked changes in condition factor occurred. Multivariate differences were discerned among the three Oregon coastal stocks. Truss data provided more specific information concerning shape changes in the study of early development and produced greater between-group differences in the geographic survey. The results of these preliminary analyses can be applied to problems of identifying smolt status in hatchery fish and stock origin in mixed-stock fisheries.

Comment on “Gene flow increases temporal stability of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in the Upper Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada”Appears in Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 66: 167–176.

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry D. Beacham ◽  
Ruth E. Withler
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Stock Identification ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Conservation And Management

Temporally stable genetic structure among salmonid populations has been reported in many studies, although the time span evaluated in most studies is limited to 10 years or less. This result has important implications in conservation and management of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) and ramifications for the construction and application of genetic databases for stock identification of fish sampled from mixed-stock fisheries. Walter et al. (2009. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 66: 167–176) failed to consider recent studies providing evidence that their conclusion “the overall magnitude of temporal within-population variation exceeding that of among-population variation” for the populations under study may be invalid for Fraser River Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) populations. Their estimation of rates and patterns of migration among Chinook salmon populations also provided results that are difficult to reconcile with published information. Evaluation of the experimental designed employed by Walter et al. (2009) indicates that their sample sizes were too small to estimate reliably genetic variation among or within populations. Extrapolation of their conclusions relating temporal instability of population structure to other Chinook salmon populations or indeed other salmonid species is unwarranted.

scholarly journals Evaluation of methods for spawner–recruit analysis in mixed-stock Pacific salmon fisheries

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (7) ◽  
pp. 1149-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Staton ◽  
Matthew J. Catalano ◽  
Brendan M. Connors ◽  
Lewis G. Coggins ◽  
Michael L. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Space ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
State Space Model ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
State Space Models ◽  
Space Model ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
Mixed Stock

Salmon populations harvested in mixed-stock fisheries can exhibit genotypic, behavioral, and life history diversity that can lead to heterogeneity in population productivity and size. Methods to quantify this heterogeneity among populations in mixed-stock fisheries are not well-established but are critical to assessing harvest–biodiversity trade-offs when setting harvest policies. We developed an integrated, age-structured, state-space model that allows for more complete use of available data and sharing of information than simpler methods. We compared a suite of state-space models of varying structural complexity to simpler regression-based approaches and, as an example case, fitted them to data from 13 Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations in the Kuskokwim drainage in western Alaska. We found biological and policy conclusions were largely consistent among state-space models but differed strongly from regression-based approaches. Simulation trials illustrated our state-space models were largely unbiased with respect to spawner–recruit parameters, abundance states, and derived biological reference points, whereas the regression-based approaches showed substantial bias. These findings suggest our state-space model shows promise for informing harvest policy evaluations of harvest–biodiversity trade-offs in mixed-stock salmon fisheries.

Changes in the Average Size and Average Age of Pacific Salmon

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1636-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Ricker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gill Nets ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Average Size

Of the five species of Pacific salmon in British Columbia, chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) are harvested during their growing seasons, while pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), chum salmon (O. keta), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka) are taken only after practically all of their growth is completed. The size of the fish caught, of all species, has decreased, but to different degrees and over different time periods, and for the most part this results from a size decrease in the population. These decreases do not exhibit significant correlations with available ocean temperature or salinity series, except that for sockeye lower temperature is associated with larger size. Chinook salmon have decreased greatly in both size and age since the 1920s, most importantly because nonmaturing individuals are taken by the troll fishery; hence individuals that mature at older ages are harvested more intensively, which decreases the percentage of older ones available both directly and cumulatively because the spawners include an excess of younger fish. Other species have decreased in size principally since 1950, when the change to payment by the pound rather than by the piece made it profitable for the gill-netters to harvest more of the larger fish. Cohos and pinks exhibit the greatest decreases, these being almost entirely a cumulative genetic effect caused by commercial trolls and gill nets removing fish of larger than average size. However, cohos reared in the Strait of Georgia have not decreased in size, possibly because sport trolling has different selection characteristics or because of the increase in the hatchery-reared component of the catch. The mean size of chum and sockeye salmon caught has changed much less than that of the other species. Chums have the additional peculiarity that gill nets tend to take smaller individuals than seines do and that their mean age has increased, at least between 1957 and 1972. That overall mean size has nevertheless decreased somewhat may be related to the fact that younger-maturing individuals grow much faster than older-maturing ones; hence excess removal of the smaller younger fish tends to depress growth rate. Among sockeye the decrease in size has apparently been retarded by an increase in growth rate related to the gradual cooling of the ocean since 1940. However, selection has had two important effects: an increase in the percentage of age-3 "jacks" in some stocks, these being little harvested, and an increase in the difference in size between sockeye having three and four ocean growing seasons, respectively.Key words: Pacific salmon, age changes, size changes, fishery, environment, selection, heritability

Production of germline transgenic Pacific salmonids with dramatically increased growth performance

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1376-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Devlin ◽  
Timothy Y. Yesaki ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Shao Jun Du ◽  
Choy-Leong Hew
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Transgenic Fish ◽  
Somatic Tissue ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Gene Construct ◽  
Average Size

Transgenic Pacific salmon have been produced by microinjection of a DNA construct consisting of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth hormone sequences driven by an ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) antifreeze protein promoter. This construct was retained in approximately 4% of fish derived from injected eggs, and resulted in dramatic enhancement of growth relative to controls. For coho salmon (O. kisutch) at 15 months of age, the average size of transgenic fish was more than 10-fold that of controls, with the largest fish more than 30-fold larger than nontransgenic siblings. Dramatic growth enhancement was also observed in transgenic rainbow trout (O. mykiss), cutthroat trout (O. clarki), and chinook salmon using this same gene construct. Transgenic coho salmon underwent precocious parr–smolt transformation during their first fall, approximately 6 months in advance of their nontransgenic siblings. At 2 years of age, five male transgenic coho salmon became sexually mature, and four of these transmitted the gene construct to sperm, the negative fish being transgenic in blood but not fin tissue. These results show that while some fish are mosaic for the gene construct in different tissues, most are transgenic in both germline and somatic tissue.

Separable Virtual Population Analysis of Pacific Salmon with Application to Marked Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from California's Central Valley

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1213-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Kope
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Population Analysis ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Virtual Population Analysis ◽  
Virtual Population ◽  
California's Central Valley ◽  
California’S Central Valley

A separable virtual population analysis model is developed for Pacific salmon which utilizes aged catch and spawning escapement data. This model is applied to marked chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from California's Central Valley hatcheries using weighted least squares criteria for goodness of fit. Structural inadequacies of the model apparently produce discrepancies between predicted values and observed data that are of about the same magnitude as the observational errors in estimating the recoveries of marked fish. Some of the inadequacy of the model may be due to environmentally induced variability in population parameters, but for the marked fish used in this analysis, some of the variability is probably due to year-to-year variability in hatchery practices. From this analysis it appears that although nominal fishing effort has been relatively stable or even declining in recent years, fishing mortality has been increasing with the exception of 1983 and 1984.

Assessing Smoltification of Juvenile Spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Using Changes in Body Morphology

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 836-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Beeman ◽  
D. W. Rondorf ◽  
M. E. Tilson
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Downstream Migration ◽  
Canonical Variate ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Sample Analysis ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Morphometric Measure

A morphometric measure of smoltification of juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was developed and evaluated. Fish were collected from hatcheries in Washington and Idaho prior to release and at McNary Dam on the Columbia River during their downstream migration. Distances between 15 anatomical landmarks were digitized from photographs of each fish resulting in 34 morphometric characters for analysis. The canonical variate calculated from a discriminant function based on several principal components was evaluated as a measure of smoltification. The canonical variate was significantly correlated with gill Na+–K+ ATPase activity, a commonly used measure of smoltification. Measuring the morphometric characters and calculating the canonical variate is a relatively simple procedure and can be performed with little harm to the fish. This method of smoltification assessment may be ideally suited to studies in which sacrificing fish is not possible, such as those involving threatened or endangered species, or when access to a laboratory for sample analysis is not available.

scholarly journals Identifying the contribution of wild and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the ocean fishery using otolith microstructure as natural tags

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Barnett-Johnson ◽  
Churchill B Grimes ◽  
Chantell F Royer ◽  
Christopher J Donohoe
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Otolith Microstructure ◽  
Exogenous Feeding ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Wild Salmon ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mixed Stock

Quantifying the contribution of wild (naturally spawned) and hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the mixed-stock ocean fishery is critical to understanding their relative importance to the persistence of salmon stocks. The inability to distinguish hatchery and wild salmon has inhibited the detection of declines or recoveries for many wild populations. By using Chinook salmon of known hatchery and wild origin, we established a baseline for separating these two sources using otolith microstructure. Otoliths of wild salmon contained a distinct exogenous feeding check likely reflecting an abrupt transition in food resources from maternal yolk not experienced by fish reared in hatcheries. Daily growth increments in otoliths from hatchery salmon immediately after the onset of exogenous feeding were wider and more uniform in width than those in wild fish. The discriminant function that we used to distinguish individuals reared in hatcheries or in the wild was robust between years (1999 and 2002), life history stages (juveniles and adults), and geographic regions (California, British Columbia, and Alaska) and classified fish with ~91% accuracy. Results from our mixed-stock model estimated that the contribution of wild fish was 10% ± 6%, indicating hatchery supplementation may be playing a larger role in supporting the central California coastal fishery than previously assumed.

Dependence of Exploitation Rates for Maximum Yield and Stock Collapse on Age and Sex Structure of Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Stocks

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1746-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Hankin ◽  
M. C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Stock Collapse

In this paper we investigate the equilibrium behavior of an age- and sex-structured version of the Ricker stock–recruitment model specifically tailored to the complex nature of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) biology and fisheries. Conclusions from our analysis include the following. (1) Exploitation rates for maximum yield (umsy) and stock collapse (umax) depend strongly on a stock's maturity schedule, being lowest for a late-maturing stock and greatest for an early maturing stock. (2) Values of exploitation rates for umax overlap considerably with those for umsy, emphasizing the probability of stock collapse in fully exploited mixed stock fisheries. (3) Values of umsy and umax are independent of the value of the Ricker β parameter but depend directly on the Ricker α parameter, indicating that management research should focus on obtaining better estimates of α, contrary to recent suggestions in the literature. (4) Because they mature at older ages, female chinook suffer greater cumulative fishery removal rates than males and decline in abundance more rapidly as exploitation increases. Consequently, the use of sex-independent maturity schedules can give misleading estimates for umsy and umax. (5) Maximum changes in mean age of stocks that can be attributed to fishing up effects ranged from 0.32 to 0.81 yr. Many stocks appear already to have declined in mean age by this amount, further emphasizing the probability of impending collapse of some stocks.

Comparison of Methods for Estimating Mixed Stock Fishery Composition

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 2235-2241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimator ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Comparison Of Methods ◽  
Likelihood Estimator ◽  
Mixed Stock ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Scale Data

Given information on fish of known origin, and a random sample from the mixed stock fishery, the composition of that mixed fishery may be estimated in a number of ways. This study compares the performance of four classification-based estimators and a maximum likelihood estimator. Theoretical considerations show that the maximum likelihood estimator makes better use of the information contained in the mixed fishery sample. However, the classification estimators are shown to be more robust to violations in some of the model assumptions. Scale data from four regional stock groups of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were used in an applied comparison of the five estimators. The results suggest that the maximum likelihood estimator performs best in practice.

Variation of agonistic behavior among juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) of hatchery, hybrid, and wild origin

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 438-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lang Wessel ◽  
William W Smoker ◽  
Robert M Fagen ◽  
John Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Stock ◽  
Juvenile Chinook Salmon ◽  
Artificial Stream ◽  
Hatchery Stock ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Fish Hybrids

Agonistic behavior and ability to dominate were compared among juveniles from a hatchery stock of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that has experienced five generations of hatchery culture, juveniles derived from the wild founding stock but produced from parents cultured in the same hatchery environment as the hatchery stock, and second-generation hybrids between the two lines. Equal numbers of parr (18) from equal numbers of families (5) from each fish line (3) were tested, and all lines were raised in a similar hatchery environment. During 20 min of observation in replicate artificial stream tanks, hatchery-derived fish made significantly greater numbers of charges, displays, and nips than wild-derived fish. Hybrids also made significantly greater numbers of charges, displays, and nips than wild-derived fish but significantly fewer displays than hatchery-derived fish. No difference was detected in the ability of fish lines to win dyadic dominance contests. These results suggest that the differences detected are genetic in origin and are consistent with divergence of the hatchery stock from the founding wild stock.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document