Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of an epilithic streambed community in relation to the habitat templet

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1452-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Eisenmann ◽  
Peter Burgherr ◽  
Elisabeth I Meyer

The microbial community of river sediments and their relationship to environmental factors is largely unknown. In this study, the abundance of bacteria, flagellates, ciliates, and Micrometazoa was investigated for eight different sediment types. The sediment types were classified by discharge (stable versus flood period), location (upper versus lower reach), and depth (superficial versus deep sediment layer). Abundances in the lower reach were more than two times higher than in the upper reach but decreased markedly at both sites after flooding. Organism densities were similar between the two sediment layers, although deeper habitats served as potential refugia, as indicated by reduced transport of coarse particles into the deep sediment layer. The organism abundances correlated with concentration of fine organic particles. A habitat templet model was used to classify favourableness and disturbance of the sediment types. For an empirical placement of sediment types in the model, results on abundances, fine organic particles, nutrient concentrations, particle transport, and flood frequency were integrated. Local processes, mainly related to sediment transport, decreased the predicticability of the habitat templets.

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1741-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Beam ◽  
G. B. Wiggins

The habitat, life cycle, behaviour, and food of five species of caddisflies of the genus Neophylax (N. aniqua Ross, N. ornatus Banks, N. concinnus McLachlan, N. oligius Ross, and N. fuscus Banks) were compared, based on general surveys and biweekly to monthly samples from several stream systems in southern Ontario. Larvae of four of the species, N. aniqua, N. concinnus, N. oligius, and N. fuscus, occur sequentially from the headwaters downstream and grow from late autumn through spring, but differ slightly in temporal development; adults of these species emerge in September and October, after a summer prepupal diapause. Larvae of the fifth species, N. ornatus, grow in late summer and autumn; their habitat coincides with portions of the habitats of N. aniqua and N. concinnus in cool headwater sections of streams, but adults emerge in June following a winter diapause. These species also differ in duration of diapause, case construction, location of pupal cases, and oviposition. All species graze on algae and fine organic particles from exposed surfaces of rocks. The study demonstrates that the five species of Neophylax studied differ in larval habitat and in time of development in ways that tend to keep them separate in stream systems. Evolutionary implications are considered.


1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1198-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Lohman ◽  
John R. Jones ◽  
Bruce D. Perkins

Ambient nutrient concentrations (TN and TP) and periphyton biomass (Chl a) were measured every 2 wk during March–November in 1985 and 1986 at 22 sites on 12 streams in the northern Ozarks, Missouri. Benthic Chl a was positively correlated in both years with log TN (R2 = 0.58, 0.60) and with log TP (R2 = 0.47, 0.60). When sites were grouped by the degree of enrichment and plotted over time, benthic Chl a decreased at all sites after flood events, but rebounded more rapidly at highly enriched sites. Differences in recovery following flooding were most obvious in fall 1986, when both high and moderately enriched sites exhibited similar biomass accrual patterns, reaching mean benthic Chl a of 397.4 and 321.1 mg∙m−2, respectively, within 42 d after a catastrophic flood. In contrast, average benthic Chl a at nutrient-poor sites reached a maximum level of 76.8 mg∙m−2 within 28 d after flooding, suggesting that maximum standing crops are influenced by both nutrient supply and the length of the flood-free period.


2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1571-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Denis Newbold ◽  
Steven A. Thomas ◽  
G. Wayne Minshall ◽  
Colbert E. Cushing ◽  
Ted Georgian

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-40

Análisis mutifrecuencia de la reflectividad del fondo marino para explorar la distribución superficial de sedimentos marinos al suroeste de Islas Hormigas de Afuera, costa afuera de Callao Seafloor reflectivity mutifrequency analysis to explore the surficial distribution of marine sediments to the southeast of Hormigas Islands, offshore Callao Gery Herbozo1, Julia Fuertes1, David Mamani1, Federico Velazco2 1 Área Funcional de Hidroacústica (AFH), Dirección General de Investigaciones en Hidroacústica, Sensoramiento Remoto y Artes de Pesca (DGIHSA), Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) 2 Área de Geología Marina (AGM), Dirección General de Investigaciones Oceanográficas y Cambio Climático (DGIOCC), Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2016.0005/ Resumen El conocimiento de la naturaleza sedimentaria del fondo marino es un aspecto importante para inferir la distribución de recursos pesqueros demersales de importancia económica (e.g, la merluza peruana (Merluccius gayi peruanus)), la localización de zonas propicias para el desarrollo de actividades de acuicultura, el estudio de procesos biogeoquímicos en la columna de agua y la estimación de abundancia de organismos bentónicos localizados sobre el fondo marino (e.g., Thioploca). El objetivo de este estudio es inferir la composición general del primer metro de sedimentos marinos localizados al suroeste de las Islas Hormigas de Afuera, costa afuera de Callao mediante información de retrodispersión acústica derivada de un sistema hidroacústico multifrecuencia (ecosonda científica EK60 de 5 frecuencias, 200 kHz, 120 kHz, 70 kHz, 38 kHz y 18 kHz) del Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) utilizado para realizar evaluaciones pesqueras. En este estudio se obtuvo información de retrodispersión (Sv mean) del primer metro por debajo del fondo marino a lo largo de un transecto de 7.5 km en la plataforma continental (160 m de columna de agua). Esta información fue utilizada para analizar la reflectividad de los sedimentos marinos investigados. Adicionalmente, se compiló información sedimentológica del fondo marino para comparar los resultados obtenidos de reflectividad. Como resultado, se determinó que existen seis patrones de reflectividad que definirían ciertos tipos de sedimentos superficiales. Estos patrones, sin embargo, no pudieron ser corroborados dado que no se encontró información sedimentológica a lo largo del transecto analizado. La reflectividad en tres de los patrones elegidos (p2, p4 y p5) podrían representar zonas donde existen sustratos duros cerca al fondo marino (e.g., cortezas de fosforita y/o rocas del orden de cm de espesor) con sedimentos finos y gruesos (e.g., fangos y arenas gruesas) por debajo de estos sustratos duros. Debido a la permeabilidad acústica de una zona de la capa superficial investigada, uno de los patrones observados (p3) podría representar sedimentos finos asociados al mud lens. Este tipo de depocentros sedimentarios estan compuestos por sedimentos finamente laminados que son permeables a la energía acústica (e.g., arcillas y/o una intercalación de sustratos finos). Los dos patrones localizados a los extremos del transecto (p1 y p6) podrían representar zonas donde existen frentes de gas natural distribuidos en sedimento fangoso. De esta investigación concluimos que no es posible clasificar los tipos de sedimentos basados únicamente en información de reflectividad. Sin embargo, la interrelación de reflectividades basada en información multifrecuencia si permite observar patrones, los cuales necesitan ser calibrados con muestras de sedimentos in-situ para definir una clasificación en zonas donde solamente existe información hidroacústica. Descriptores: Perú, hidroacústica, multifrecuencia, fondo marino, sedimentos marinos superficiales Abstract The study of the sedimentary nature of the seafloor is a key aspect to infer the spatial distribution of demersal fisheries resources (e.g., hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus)), to locate adequate zones for aquaculture farms, to examine biogeochemical processes occurred in the water column and to estimate the abundance of benthic organisms lying at the seafloor (e.g., Thioploca). The aim of this study is to infer, using acoustic backscattering mutifrequency information from an EK60 scientific echosounder (200 kHz, 120 kHz, 70 kHz, 38 kHz, 18 kHz), the bulk composition of the first meter of marine sediments located to the southeast of Hormigas de Afuera Islands, offshore Callao. This hydroacoustic multifrequency system is routinely used for the assessment of fisheries resources for the Peruvian Sea Institute (IMARPE). In this study we used backscattering information (Sv mean) from the first meter below the sea bottom along a 7.5-km transect in the shelf (160 m water depth). This information represents the acoustic reflectivity of the investigated sediments. In addition, sediment sampling information from the seafloor was compiled to compare results from the reflectivity analyses. As result, we defined that there are six reflectivity patterns that would define certain types of surficial sediments. However, these patterns could not be compared to in-situ sediment samples because we found no historical sediment information along the studied transect. Reflectivity of the surficial sediment layer from three of the chosen patterns (p2, p4 and p5) may represent seafloor zones with hard substrata near the sea bottom (e.g., phosphorite crusts and/or small rocks of few cm thick) overlying fine- and coarsed-grained sediments (e.g., mud and coarse sands). Due to the acoustic permeability of one zone of this surficial layer, one of the observed patterns (p3) may represent fine-grained sediments associated to the mud lens. This type of sediment depocenters are composed by fine-grained, laminated sediments that are permeable to the acoustic energy (e.g., clays and/or a mix of fine-grained sediments). The two last patterns (p1 and p6), located at the northwest and southeast ends of the transect, may define zones with gas fronts in mud sediments. We conclude that it is not possible to classify sediment types based unambiguously on reflectivity information. However, the use of multifrequency reflectivity information does allow the characterization of sediment patterns. Such information needs necessarily to be calibrated with in-situ sediment samples in order to define the classification of marine surface sediment types at the seafloor where only hydroacoustic information is present. Keywords: Peru, hydroacoustics, mutifrequency, seafloor, surficial marine sediments


2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 32883-32909 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guo ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
Q. Guo ◽  
X. Zhang ◽  
J. J. Schauer ◽  
...  

Abstract. To explore the primary and secondary sources of fine organic particles after the aggressive implementation of air pollution controls during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, 12-h PM2.5 concentrations were measured at one urban and one upwind rural site during the CAREBeijing-2008 (Campaigns of Air quality REsearch in Beijing and surrounding region) summer field campaign. The PM2.5 concentrations were 72.5±43.6μg m3 and 64.3±36.2μg m−3 at the urban site and rural site, respectively, which were the lowest in recent years due to the implementation of drastic control measures and favorable weather conditions. Five primary and four secondary fine organic particle sources were quantified using a CMB (chemical mass balance) model and tracer-yield method. Compared with previous studies in Beijing, the contribution of vehicle emission increased, with diesel engines contributing 16.2±5.9% and 14.5±4.1% to the total organic carbon (OC) concentrations and gasoline vehicles accounting for 10.3±8.7% and 7.9±6.2% of the OC concentrations at two sites. Due to the implementation of emission control measures, the OC concentrations from important primary sources have been reduced, and secondary formation has become an important contributor to fine organic aerosols. Compared with the non-controlled period, primary vehicle contributions were reduced by 30% and 24% in the urban and regional area, and reductions in the contribution from coal combustion were 57% and 7%, respectively. These results demonstrate the emission control measures significantly alleviated the primary organic particle pollution in and around Beijing. However, the control effectiveness of secondary organic particles was not significant.


1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bruce Wallace ◽  
T. F. Cuffney ◽  
J. R. Webster ◽  
G. J. Lugthart ◽  
K. Chung ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Obenour ◽  
Dario Del Giudice ◽  
Matthew Aupperle ◽  
Arumugam Sankarasubramanian

<p>Nutrient recycling from bottom sediments can provide substantial internal loading to eutrophic lakes and reservoirs, potentially exceeding external watershed loads. However, measurements of sediment nutrient fluxes are rare for most waterbodies in the United States, causing many modeling studies to parameterize these fluxes in simplistic ways or else make assumptions about complex sediment diagenetic rates. Here we propose an alternative approach to understanding internal cycling, using a mass-balance model combined with Bayesian inference to rigorously update prior information on nutrient flux parameters. The approach is applied to Jordan Lake, a major water supply reservoir in North Carolina (USA) that has been highly eutrophic since impoundment in the early 1980s, with chlorophyll a concentrations occasionally exceeding 100 µg/L. We simulate monthly nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the water column and sediment layer of four longitudinal reservoir segments, forced by watershed flows, nutrient loads, and meteorology. The model is calibrated within the Bayesian framework and validated using a multi-decadal record of surface nutrient concentration data. We compare multiple versions of the model to assess the importance of prior knowledge from previous literature, the multi-decadal calibration period, and the mechanistic formulation for obtaining accurate and robust predictive performance. Overall, the model explains from 40-60% of the variability in observed nutrient concentrations. Model results indicate that a large fraction (>40%) of phosphorus is lost in the upstream reaches of the reservoir, likely due to rapid settling and burial of particulate material. Within the main body of the reservoir, phosphorus recycling rates were found to be higher than expected a priori, particularly in the summer season. Results show how nutrients stored in lacustrine sediment have been an important source of internal loading to the reservoir for multiple decades, and will dampen the effects of external watershed loading reductions, at least in the near term. To better understand potential time scales for reservoir recovery, we perform future simulations over a multi-decadal period and characterize forecast uncertainties.</p>


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