Assays of testis development in the mouse distinguish three classes of domesticus-type Y chromosome

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G. Biddle ◽  
Yutaka Nishioka
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Differential Interaction ◽  
Y Chromosomes

The Y chromosome of Mus musculus poschiavinus interacts with the autosomal recessive gene tda-1b of the C57BL/6J laboratory strain of the house mouse to cause complete or partial sex reversal. Ovaries or ovotestes develop in a substantial proportion of the XY fetuses. Several different Y-specific DNA probes distinguish two major types of Y chromosome in the house mouse and they are represented by M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus. The poschiavinus Y chromosome appears identical to the domesticus Y. The developmental distribution of the gonad types was examined in the first backcross or N2 generation of fetuses in C57BL/6J with six different domesticus-type Y chromosomes and, as controls, three different musculus-type Y chromosomes. Gonadal hermaphrodites were found with three of the six domesticus-type Y chromosomes. Both overall frequency and phenotypic distribution of types of gonadal hermaphrodites identify three classes of domesticus-type Y chromosome by their differential interaction with the C57BL/6J genetic background.Key words: mouse, Y chromosomes, gonadal hermaphrodites, primary sex determination.

Two types of mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) Y chromosomes in Quebec

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Yutaka Nishioka
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Repetitive Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Mus Musculus Domesticus ◽  
Y Chromosomes

A Y chromosomal repetitive sequence identified two types of Y chromosomes in mice (Mus musculus domesticus) caught near Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec. One type is apparently identical to the Y chromosome found in Maryland, Delaware, and California, whereas the other type is similar, but not identical, to the Y chromosome present in M.m. poschiavinus, an Alpine race of M.m. domesticus. These findings suggest that the domesticus Y chromosome is highly polymorphic and thus useful for elucidating the relationships among American and European house mouse populations.Key words: mouse Y chromosome, polymorphism, Mus musculus domesticus, repetitive sequence, Quebec.

Roles of Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh) and its duplicates in sex determination and germ cell proliferation of Nile tilapia

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingyong Liu ◽  
Shengfei Dai ◽  
Jiahong Wu ◽  
Xueyan Wei ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Homozygous Mutation ◽  
Germ Cell Proliferation

Abstract Duplicates of amh are crucial for fish sex determination and differentiation. In Nile tilapia, unlike in other teleosts, amh is located on X chromosome. The Y chromosome amh (amh△-y) is mutated with 5 bp insertion and 233 bp deletion in the coding sequence, and tandem duplicate of amh on Y chromosome (amhy) has been identified as the sex determiner. However, the expression of amh, amh△-y and amhy, their roles in germ cell proliferation and the molecular mechanism of how amhy determines sex is still unclear. In this study, expression and functions of each duplicate were analyzed. Sex reversal occurred only when amhy was mutated as revealed by single, double and triple mutation of the three duplicates in XY fish. Homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish also resulted in sex reversal. Earlier and higher expression of amhy/Amhy was observed in XY gonads compared with amh/Amh during sex determination. Amhy could inhibit the transcription of cyp19a1a through Amhr2/Smads signaling. Loss of cyp19a1a rescued the sex reversal phenotype in XY fish with amhy mutation. Interestingly, mutation of both amh and amhy in XY fish or homozygous mutation of amhy in YY fish resulted in infertile females with significantly increased germ cell proliferation. Taken together, these results indicated that up-regulation of amhy during the critical period of sex determination makes it the sex-determining gene, and it functions through repressing cyp19a1a expression via Amhr2/Smads signaling pathway. Amh retained its function in controlling germ cell proliferation as reported in other teleosts, while amh△-y was nonfunctionalized.

Role of mammalian Y chromosome in sex determination

1988 ◽  
Vol 322 (1208) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Chimeric Mouse ◽  
Embryonic Gonad

It has long been assumed that the mammalian Y chromosome either encodes, or controls the production of, a diffusible testis-determining molecule, exposure of the embryonic gonad to this molecule being all that is required to divert it along the testicular pathway. My recent finding that Sertoli cells in XX ↔ XY chimeric mouse testes are exclusively XY has led me to propose a new model in which the Y acts cell-autonomously to bring about Sertoli-cell differentiation. I have suggested that all other aspects of foetal testicular development are triggered by the Sertoli cells without further Y-chromosome involvement. This model thus equates mammalian sex determination with Sertoli-cell determination. Examples of natural and experimentally induced sex reversal are discussed in the context of this model.

Mapping the Y chromosome

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
P. N. Goodfellow
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dna Probes ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Variable Amount ◽  
Regional Localization ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Xx Males ◽  
Human Y Chromosome

DNA probes isolated from the human Y chromosome have been used to resolve two fundamental problems concerning the biology of sex determination in man. Coincidentally, resolution of these problems has generated genetic maps of the short arm of the human Y chromosome and has allowed the regional localization of TDF. The first problem to be solved was the origin of XX males (de la Chapelle, this symposium): the majority of XX males are caused by a telomeric exchange between the X and Y chromosomes that results in TDF and a variable amount of Y-derived material being transferred to the X chromosome. The differing amounts of Y-derived material present in XX males has been used as the basis of a ‘deletion’ map of the Y chromosome (Müller; Ferguson-Smith & Affara; this symposium).

Other genes of the Y chromosome

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
Jonathan Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Essential Genes ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Human And Mouse

From the moment that the major part of the mammalian Y chromosome ceased to recombine with the X, the action of Muller's ratchet began to whittle away at it to remove all but the essential genes. Consequently, by comparison with their respective X homologues, both human and mouse Y chromosomes are relatively small and probably contain very few genes in a fabric of accumulated junk. Nevertheless, molecular biologists have not been deterred from searching for Y-linked genes and in recent years this has become an increasingly popular pastime. Although hard to find, any Y-linked genes are likely to play important roles in either sex determination or male fertility, a fact which has spurred the search. How many genes are likely to be present on the chromosome? If we accept the hypothesis that most genes are preceded by an HpaII tiny fragment (HTF) island, we can place an upper limit on the number of genes by considering the frequency with which such islands occur on the chromosome.

Segregation distortion of X-linked marker genes in interspecific crosses between Mus musculus and M. spretus

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G. Biddle
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Segregation Distortion ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Mus Spretus ◽  
Separate Species

An interspecific cross was made between females of the C3H/HeHa.Pgk-1a inbred laboratory strain of Mus musculus and males of the separate species Mus spretus. The F1 males are sterile but the F1 females are fertile and they were backcrossed to both C3H and spretus males. Evidence is presented from the segregation of X-linked marker genes that the interspecific F1female has a genetically deleterious effect on the C3H X chromosome that is expressed as a male-lethal effect with the spretus Y chromosome but not with the musculus Y chromosome of C3H. Key words: interspecific crosses, mouse, segregation distortion.

scholarly journals Unusual Mammalian Sex Determination Systems: A Cabinet of Curiosities

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1770
Author(s):  
Paul A. Saunders ◽  
Frédéric Veyrunes
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chromosome Constitution ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cabinet Of Curiosities ◽  
Review Current

Therian mammals have among the oldest and most conserved sex-determining systems known to date. Any deviation from the standard XX/XY mammalian sex chromosome constitution usually leads to sterility or poor fertility, due to the high differentiation and specialization of the X and Y chromosomes. Nevertheless, a handful of rodents harbor so-called unusual sex-determining systems. While in some species, fertile XY females are found, some others have completely lost their Y chromosome. These atypical species have fascinated researchers for over 60 years, and constitute unique natural models for the study of fundamental processes involved in sex determination in mammals and vertebrates. In this article, we review current knowledge of these species, discuss their similarities and differences, and attempt to expose how the study of their exceptional sex-determining systems can further our understanding of general processes involved in sex chromosome and sex determination evolution.

scholarly journals Mismatches between the genetic and phenotypic sex in the wild Kou population of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokyatou Sissao ◽  
Helena D’Cotta ◽  
Jean-François Baroiller ◽  
Aboubacar Toguyeni
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Japanese Strain ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Xx Males

Sex determination and sex chromosomes can be very diverse between teleost species. The group of tilapias shows a polymorphism in sex determination not only between closely related species but also between domestic strains within a species. In the Nile tilapia, the major effect genes and therefore the Y chromosome have been located on either linkage group 1 (LG1) or LG23 depending on the strains. In a Japanese strain, the sex determinant of LG23 (the amhY gene) has been identified as a duplicated amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) gene, with its gametolog found on the X chromosome (amhX). AmhY is located in tandem with the amhΔY gene (a truncated form) on the Y chromosome. X and Y chromosome markers based on the amh genes have been validated only on a few domestic strains but not in wild populations. Here, we used four of these markers in order to examine (1) the possible variation in sex determination of a wild population of Nile tilapia living in Lake Kou (Burkina Faso), (2) putative polymorphisms for these amh copies and (3) the existence of sex reversed individuals in the wild. Our genotyping of 91 wild Kou individuals with the amh sex-diagnostic markers of LG23 showed that while phenotypic females were all XX, phenotypic males were either XY or XX. Progeny testing of eight of these XX males revealed that one of these males consistently sired all-female progenies, suggesting that it is a wild sex reversed male (which could result from high temperature effects). The other XX males gave balanced sex ratios, suggesting that sex is controlled by another locus (possibly on another LG) which may be epistatically dominant over the LG23 locus. Finally, identification of unexpected amh genotypes was found for two individuals. They produced either balanced or female-biased sex ratios, depending on the breeder with whom they were crossed, suggesting possible recombination between the X and the Y chromosomes.

scholarly journals The female (XX) and male (YY) genomes provide insights into the sex determination mechanism in spinach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbing She ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Zhaosheng Xu ◽  
Helong Zhang ◽  
Feng Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recombination Suppression ◽  
Autosomal Region ◽  
Male Genome ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Almost All

AbstractSexual reproduction is the primary means of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms, including almost all animals and plants. Sex chromosomes are predicted to play a central role in sexual dimorphism. Sex determination in spinach is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes. However, the mechanisms of sex determination in spinach remain poorly understand. Here, we assembled the genomes of both a female (XX) and a male (YY) individual of spinach, and the genome sizes were 978 Mb with 28,320 predicted genes and 926 Mb with 26,537 predicted genes, respectively. Based on reported sex-linked markers, chromosomes 4 of the female and male genome were defined as the X and Y chromosomes, and a 10 Mb male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) from approximately 95– 105 Mb, was identified that contains abundant transposable elements (92.32%). Importantly, a large-scale inversion of about 13 Mb in length was detected on the X chromosome, corresponding to ~9 Mb and ~4 Mb on the Y chromosome, which were located on both sides of the MSY with two distinct evolutionary strata. Almost all sex-linked/Y-specific markers were enriched on the inversions/MSY, suggesting that the flanked inversions might result in recombination suppression between the X and Y chromosomes to maintain the MSY. Forty-nine genes within the MSY had functional homologs elsewhere in the autosomal region, suggesting movement of genes onto the MSY. The X and Y chromosomes of spinach provide a valuable resource for investigating spinach sex chromosomes evolution from wild to cultivated spinach and also provide a broader understanding of the sex determination model in the Amaranthaceae family.

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