Other genes of the Y chromosome

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
Jonathan Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Essential Genes ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Human And Mouse

From the moment that the major part of the mammalian Y chromosome ceased to recombine with the X, the action of Muller's ratchet began to whittle away at it to remove all but the essential genes. Consequently, by comparison with their respective X homologues, both human and mouse Y chromosomes are relatively small and probably contain very few genes in a fabric of accumulated junk. Nevertheless, molecular biologists have not been deterred from searching for Y-linked genes and in recent years this has become an increasingly popular pastime. Although hard to find, any Y-linked genes are likely to play important roles in either sex determination or male fertility, a fact which has spurred the search. How many genes are likely to be present on the chromosome? If we accept the hypothesis that most genes are preceded by an HpaII tiny fragment (HTF) island, we can place an upper limit on the number of genes by considering the frequency with which such islands occur on the chromosome.

Assays of testis development in the mouse distinguish three classes of domesticus-type Y chromosome

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred G. Biddle ◽  
Yutaka Nishioka
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
House Mouse ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Differential Interaction ◽  
Y Chromosomes

The Y chromosome of Mus musculus poschiavinus interacts with the autosomal recessive gene tda-1b of the C57BL/6J laboratory strain of the house mouse to cause complete or partial sex reversal. Ovaries or ovotestes develop in a substantial proportion of the XY fetuses. Several different Y-specific DNA probes distinguish two major types of Y chromosome in the house mouse and they are represented by M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus. The poschiavinus Y chromosome appears identical to the domesticus Y. The developmental distribution of the gonad types was examined in the first backcross or N2 generation of fetuses in C57BL/6J with six different domesticus-type Y chromosomes and, as controls, three different musculus-type Y chromosomes. Gonadal hermaphrodites were found with three of the six domesticus-type Y chromosomes. Both overall frequency and phenotypic distribution of types of gonadal hermaphrodites identify three classes of domesticus-type Y chromosome by their differential interaction with the C57BL/6J genetic background.Key words: mouse, Y chromosomes, gonadal hermaphrodites, primary sex determination.

Mapping the Y chromosome

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
P. N. Goodfellow
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dna Probes ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Variable Amount ◽  
Regional Localization ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Xx Males ◽  
Human Y Chromosome

DNA probes isolated from the human Y chromosome have been used to resolve two fundamental problems concerning the biology of sex determination in man. Coincidentally, resolution of these problems has generated genetic maps of the short arm of the human Y chromosome and has allowed the regional localization of TDF. The first problem to be solved was the origin of XX males (de la Chapelle, this symposium): the majority of XX males are caused by a telomeric exchange between the X and Y chromosomes that results in TDF and a variable amount of Y-derived material being transferred to the X chromosome. The differing amounts of Y-derived material present in XX males has been used as the basis of a ‘deletion’ map of the Y chromosome (Müller; Ferguson-Smith & Affara; this symposium).

Y CHROMOSOME HYPERPLOIDY AND MALE FERTILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Williamson ◽  
Eva Meidinger
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Y Chromosomes

Drosophila melanogaster males with two supernumerary Y chromosomes, i.e. triplo-Y males, are completely sterile. Their mating behavior is normal, and spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis appear normal, but no sperm are transferred. Most, if not all, of the detrimental effects of a third Y chromosome on male fertility are attributable to the long arm of the Y chromosome.

scholarly journals Unusual Mammalian Sex Determination Systems: A Cabinet of Curiosities

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1770
Author(s):  
Paul A. Saunders ◽  
Frédéric Veyrunes
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chromosome Constitution ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Cabinet Of Curiosities ◽  
Review Current

Therian mammals have among the oldest and most conserved sex-determining systems known to date. Any deviation from the standard XX/XY mammalian sex chromosome constitution usually leads to sterility or poor fertility, due to the high differentiation and specialization of the X and Y chromosomes. Nevertheless, a handful of rodents harbor so-called unusual sex-determining systems. While in some species, fertile XY females are found, some others have completely lost their Y chromosome. These atypical species have fascinated researchers for over 60 years, and constitute unique natural models for the study of fundamental processes involved in sex determination in mammals and vertebrates. In this article, we review current knowledge of these species, discuss their similarities and differences, and attempt to expose how the study of their exceptional sex-determining systems can further our understanding of general processes involved in sex chromosome and sex determination evolution.

scholarly journals Mismatches between the genetic and phenotypic sex in the wild Kou population of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rokyatou Sissao ◽  
Helena D’Cotta ◽  
Jean-François Baroiller ◽  
Aboubacar Toguyeni
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Japanese Strain ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Xx Males

Sex determination and sex chromosomes can be very diverse between teleost species. The group of tilapias shows a polymorphism in sex determination not only between closely related species but also between domestic strains within a species. In the Nile tilapia, the major effect genes and therefore the Y chromosome have been located on either linkage group 1 (LG1) or LG23 depending on the strains. In a Japanese strain, the sex determinant of LG23 (the amhY gene) has been identified as a duplicated amh (anti-Müllerian hormone) gene, with its gametolog found on the X chromosome (amhX). AmhY is located in tandem with the amhΔY gene (a truncated form) on the Y chromosome. X and Y chromosome markers based on the amh genes have been validated only on a few domestic strains but not in wild populations. Here, we used four of these markers in order to examine (1) the possible variation in sex determination of a wild population of Nile tilapia living in Lake Kou (Burkina Faso), (2) putative polymorphisms for these amh copies and (3) the existence of sex reversed individuals in the wild. Our genotyping of 91 wild Kou individuals with the amh sex-diagnostic markers of LG23 showed that while phenotypic females were all XX, phenotypic males were either XY or XX. Progeny testing of eight of these XX males revealed that one of these males consistently sired all-female progenies, suggesting that it is a wild sex reversed male (which could result from high temperature effects). The other XX males gave balanced sex ratios, suggesting that sex is controlled by another locus (possibly on another LG) which may be epistatically dominant over the LG23 locus. Finally, identification of unexpected amh genotypes was found for two individuals. They produced either balanced or female-biased sex ratios, depending on the breeder with whom they were crossed, suggesting possible recombination between the X and the Y chromosomes.

scholarly journals The female (XX) and male (YY) genomes provide insights into the sex determination mechanism in spinach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbing She ◽  
Zhiyuan Liu ◽  
Zhaosheng Xu ◽  
Helong Zhang ◽  
Feng Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recombination Suppression ◽  
Autosomal Region ◽  
Male Genome ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Almost All

AbstractSexual reproduction is the primary means of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms, including almost all animals and plants. Sex chromosomes are predicted to play a central role in sexual dimorphism. Sex determination in spinach is controlled by a pair of sex chromosomes. However, the mechanisms of sex determination in spinach remain poorly understand. Here, we assembled the genomes of both a female (XX) and a male (YY) individual of spinach, and the genome sizes were 978 Mb with 28,320 predicted genes and 926 Mb with 26,537 predicted genes, respectively. Based on reported sex-linked markers, chromosomes 4 of the female and male genome were defined as the X and Y chromosomes, and a 10 Mb male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) from approximately 95– 105 Mb, was identified that contains abundant transposable elements (92.32%). Importantly, a large-scale inversion of about 13 Mb in length was detected on the X chromosome, corresponding to ~9 Mb and ~4 Mb on the Y chromosome, which were located on both sides of the MSY with two distinct evolutionary strata. Almost all sex-linked/Y-specific markers were enriched on the inversions/MSY, suggesting that the flanked inversions might result in recombination suppression between the X and Y chromosomes to maintain the MSY. Forty-nine genes within the MSY had functional homologs elsewhere in the autosomal region, suggesting movement of genes onto the MSY. The X and Y chromosomes of spinach provide a valuable resource for investigating spinach sex chromosomes evolution from wild to cultivated spinach and also provide a broader understanding of the sex determination model in the Amaranthaceae family.

scholarly journals New Genes in the Drosophila Y Chromosome: Lessons from D. willistoni

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1815
Author(s):  
João Ricchio ◽  
Fabiana Uno ◽  
A. Bernardo Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Gene Loss ◽  
Segmental Duplications ◽  
Duplicated Genes ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Autosomal Copy

Y chromosomes play important roles in sex determination and male fertility. In several groups (e.g., mammals) there is strong evidence that they evolved through gene loss from a common X-Y ancestor, but in Drosophila the acquisition of new genes plays a major role. This conclusion came mostly from studies in two species. Here we report the identification of the 22 Y-linked genes in D. willistoni. They all fit the previously observed pattern of autosomal or X-linked testis-specific genes that duplicated to the Y. The ratio of gene gains to gene losses is ~25 in D. willistoni, confirming the prominent role of gene gains in the evolution of Drosophila Y chromosomes. We also found four large segmental duplications (ranging from 62 kb to 303 kb) from autosomal regions to the Y, containing ~58 genes. All but four of these duplicated genes became pseudogenes in the Y or disappeared. In the GK20609 gene the Y-linked copy remained functional, whereas its original autosomal copy degenerated, demonstrating how autosomal genes are transferred to the Y chromosome. Since the segmental duplication that carried GK20609 contained six other testis-specific genes, it seems that chance plays a significant role in the acquisition of new genes by the Drosophila Y chromosome.

scholarly journals Two tests of Y chromosomal variation in male fertility of Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
A G Clark
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Deficiency mapping with Y autosome translocations has shown that the Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster carries genes that are essential to male fertility. While the qualitative behavior of these lesions provides important insight into the physiological importance of the Y chromosome, quantitative variation in effects on male fertility among extant Y chromosomes in natural populations may have a significant effect on the evolution of the Y chromosome. Here a series of 36 Y chromosome replacement lines were tested in two ways designed to detect subtle variation in effects on male fertility and total male fitness. The first test involved crossing males from the 36 lines to an excess of females in an attempt to measure differences in male mating success (virility) and male fecundity. The second test challenged males bearing each of the 36 Y chromosomes to competition in populations with males bearing a standard, phenotypically marked (BsY) chromosome. These tests indicated that the Y chromosome lines did not differ significantly in either male fertility or total fitness, but that interactions with autosomes approached significance. A deterministic population genetic model was developed allowing Y autosome interaction in fertility, and it is shown that, consistent with the experimental observations, this model cannot protect Y-linked polymorphism.

scholarly journals Y-chromosome structural diversity in the bonobo and chimpanzee lineages

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Oetjens ◽  
Feichen Shen ◽  
Sarah B. Emery ◽  
Zhengting Zou ◽  
Jeffrey M. Kidd
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Y Chromosomes

AbstractThe male specific regions of primate Y-chromosomes (MSY) are enriched for multi-copy genes highly expressed in the testis. These genes are located in large repetitive sequences arranged as palindromes, inverted-, and tandem-repeats termed amplicons. In humans, these genes have critical roles in male fertility and are essential for the production of sperm. The structure of human and chimpanzee amplicon sequences show remarkable difference relative to the remainder of the genome, a difference that may be the result of intense selective pressure on male fertility. Four populations of common chimpanzees have undergone extended periods of isolation and appear to be in the early process of speciation. A recent study found amplicons enriched for testis-expressed genes on the primate X-chromosome the target of hard selective sweeps, and male-fertility genes on the Y-chromosome may also be the targets of selection. However, little is understood about Y-chromosome amplicon diversity within and across chimpanzee populations. Here, we analyze 9 common chimpanzee (representing three subspecies: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Pan troglodytes ellioti, and Pan troglodytes verus) and two bonobo (Pan paniscus) male whole-genome sequences to assess Y ampliconic copy-number diversity across the Pan genus. We observe that the copy-number of Y chromosome amplicons is variable amongst chimpanzees and bonobos, and identify several lineage-specific patterns, including variable copy-number of azoospermia candidates RBMY and DAZ. We detect recurrent switchpoints of copy-number change along the ampliconic tracts across chimpanzee populations, which may be the result of localized genome instability or selective forces.

scholarly journals Spot Urine for Sex Determination Forensic Identifications with Amelogenin Locus and Y chromosomes (DYS 19). Bercak Urin untuk Identifikasi Forensik Jenis Kelamin dengan Lokus Amelogenin dan Y Kromosom (DYS19)

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Yeti Eka Sispita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Dna Amplification ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Amelogenin Gene ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Two Samples

AbstractBackground:  Amelogenin gene was a single copy gene located in an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. The location of amelogenin gene for identification of sex chromosome has good variability between the form and the shape of the X chromosome and the Y chromosome and between Amelogenin alleles among different populations. Purpose: To prove urine spot examination on the results of the sex determination through Deoxyribo Nucleid Acid (DNA) isolation using amelogenin and Y chromosome loci (DYS19). Methods: Spotting the microscopic examination of urine samples to determine the presence or absence of urethral epithelial cells, followed by isolation Deoxyribo nucleid Acid (DNA) in order to determine the extent and purity of DNA amplification. Then performed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amelogenin locus at 106bp - 112bp and Y chromosomes (DYS19) at 232 -268 bp. Results: in 9 samples of men from 3 families with 3 kinship of different regions shows the results of different tests, because Amel Y variation between individual and populations method of determining the sex of 100% was inaccurate. In some men Amel Y can be removed entirely. This research should be visualized one band on the Y chromosome (DYS19) and the Amelogenin two bands during electrophoresis occurs misidentification of the sample as a woman. Conclusions: Identification of sex using Amelogenin locus and Y chromosomes (DYS19) has six identical and ambiguous results because the two samples shown as the sign of men but visualized as women, another sample was not visualized because of the thick level and concentration of Deoxyribo nucleid Acid (DNA).Keywords: Urine Spot, Sex Determination, Amelogenin, Y chromosome (DYS19).

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