Cytogenetics of Australian scorpions. I. Interchange polymorphism in the family Buthidae

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 882-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Holocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Fixed Heterozygosity ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family

Male scorpions from Australian species of the family Buthidae exhibit a unique combination of cytogenetic features including achiasmate meiosis, holocentric chromosomes, and extensive interchange heterozygosity. Chromosome number is highly conserved, with all species having a basic diploid number of 2n = 14. There is evidence that inbreeding has contributed to the establishment of populations with interchange heterozygotes, some exhibiting rings of up to 12 chromosomes. Although most populations contain both structural homozygotes and interchange heterozygotes, one population may exhibit fixed heterozygosity. It is argued that the interchange heterozygosity observed in buthids is of adaptive significance.Key words: interchange, chromosome polymorphism, achiasmate meiosis, holocentric chromosomes.

scholarly journals Karyotype description and comparative analysis in Ringed Kingfisher and Green Kingfisher (Coraciiformes, Alcedinidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170
Author(s):  
Tiago Marafiga Degrandi ◽  
Jean Carlo Pedroso de Oliveira ◽  
Amanda de Araújo Soares ◽  
Mario Angel Ledesma ◽  
Iris Hass ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Karyotype Structure ◽  
Chromosome Fusions ◽  
Size And Morphology

Kingfishers comprise about 115 species of the family Alcedinidae, and are an interesting group for cytogenetic studies, for they are among birds with most heterogeneous karyotypes. However, cytogenetics knowledge in Kingfishers is extremely limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the karyotype structure of the Ringed Kingfisher (Megaceryletorquata Linnaeus, 1766) and Green Kingfisher (Chloroceryleamericana Gmelin, 1788) and also compare them with related species in order to identify chromosomal rearrangements. The Ringed Kingfisher presented 2n = 84 and the Green Kingfisher had 2n = 94. The increase of the chromosome number in the Green Kingfisher possibly originated by centric fissions in macrochromosomes. In addition, karyotype comparisons in Alcedinidae show a heterogeneity in the size and morphology of macrochromosomes, and chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 76 to 132. Thus, it is possible chromosomal fissions in macrochromosomes resulted in the increase of the diploid number, whereas chromosome fusions have originated the karyotypes with low diploid number.

Chromosome Polymorphism in Microtus(Alexandromys)mujanensis (Arvicolinae, Rodentia)

2015 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya A. Lemskaya ◽  
Irina V. Kartavtseva ◽  
Nadezhda V. Rubtsova ◽  
Fedor N. Golenishchev ◽  
Irina N. Sheremetyeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Chromosome Painting ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Diploid Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Polymorphism ◽  
Pericentric Inversions

The Muya Valley vole (Microtus mujanensis) has a constant diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38, but an unstable karyotype with polymorphic chromosome pairs. Here, we describe 4 karyotypic variants involving 2 polymorphic chromosome pairs, MMUJ8 and MMUJ14, in 6 animals from Buryatia using a combination of GTG-banding and chromosome painting with M. agrestis probes. We suggest that the polymorphic pairs MMUJ8 and MMUJ14 were formed through pericentric inversions that played a major role during karyotype evolution of the species. We also propose that the stable diploid number with some ongoing polymorphism in the number of chromosome arms indicates that this evolutionarily young endemic species of Russian Far East is on the way to karyotype and likely species stabilization.

Comparative Chromosome Painting in Two Brazilian Stork Species with Different Diploid Numbers

2019 ◽  
Vol 159 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Igor C.A. Seligmann ◽  
Ivanete O. Furo ◽  
Michelly S. dos Santos ◽  
Marcella M. Tagliarini ◽  
Cristiane C.D. Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
South America ◽  
Chromosome Painting ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Diploid Chromosome Number ◽  
Ancestral Karyotype ◽  
Comparative Chromosome Painting ◽  
The Family

Despite the variation observed in the diploid chromosome number of storks (Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae), from 2n = 52 to 2n = 78, most reports have relied solely on analyses by conventional staining. As most species have similar macrochromosomes, some authors propose that karyotype evolution involves mainly fusions between microchromosomes, which are highly variable in species with different diploid numbers. In order to verify this hypothesis, in this study, the karyotypes of 2 species of storks from South America with different diploid numbers, the jabiru (Jabiru mycteria, 2n = 56) and the maguary stork (Ciconia maguary, 2n = 72), were analyzed by chromosome painting using whole chromosome probes from the macrochromosomes of Gallus gallus (GGA) and Leucopternis albicollis (LAL). The results revealed that J. mycteria and C. maguary share synteny within chromosome pairs 1-9 and Z. The syntenies to the macrochromosomes of G. gallus are conserved, except for GGA4, which is homologous to 2 different pairs, as in most species of birds. A fusion of GGA8 and GGA9 was observed in both species. Additionally, chromosomes corresponding to GGA4p and GGA6 are fused to other segments that did not hybridize to any of the macrochromosome probes used, suggesting that these segments correspond to microchromosomes. Hence, our data corroborate the proposed hypothesis that karyotype evolution is based on fusions involving microchromosomes. In view of the morphological constancy of the macrochromosome pairs in most Ciconiidae, we propose a putative ancestral karyotype for the family, including the GGA8/GGA9 fusion, and a diploid number of 2n = 78. The use of probes for microchromosome pairs should be the next step in identifying other synapomorphies that may help to clarify the phylogeny of this family.

CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS PERSEA (LAURACEAE). I. KARYOLOGY OF SEVEN SPECIES

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Garcia V.
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Stomatal Size ◽  
World Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies

Chromosome number determinations were made on 137 collections of seven Persea species. Persea americana Mill., P. schiedeana Nees, and P. aff. cinerascens Rands, had a diploid number of 24 as reported earlier. The first chromosome counts for four species are reported. Persea hintonii Allen (2n = 48) is the first tetraploid species found in this genus. Persea indica (L.) Spreng. (2n = 24) is the first Old World species to have its chromosome number reported. Persea donnell-smithii Mez and P. pachypoda Nees also have the diploid number (2n = 24). One triploid (2n = 36) and one tetraploid (2n = 48) individual were found in P. americana. Based on stomatal size, their maternal plants were considered to be triploid and diploid, respectively.This is the first karyotype study in Persea and also in the family Lauraceae. The karyotype in Persea is asymmetric. The chromosomes range in size from 2.3 µm to 6.1 µm. Persea americana has one pair of satellited chromosomes, which is the largest pair, two metacentric pairs and nine submetacentric pairs. Two of the submetacentric pairs are highly heterochromatic and both are attached to the nucleolus. All the other species have karyotypes very similar to P. americana.

scholarly journals Karyotypes of three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae) enable morphologically similar species to be distinguished

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Cansanção Silva ◽  
Lucas Henrique Bonfim Souza ◽  
Juliana Chamorro-Rengifo ◽  
Douglas Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Diploid Number ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosome ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Cerrado Biome ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies ◽  
Sex Chromosome System ◽  
The Difference

Phaneropterinae is the largest subfamily of Tettigoniidae, distributed across the globe. There are few cytogenetic studies regarding this group, as in the case of the genus group Aniarae, which represents only two karyotyped species. The current study aims to analyze cytogenetically three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 from Brazil. The male diploid number of Hyperophoraminor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 and Hyperophoramajor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 is 2n♂= 31, whereas Hyperophorabrasiliensis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 has shown 2n♂= 29. These three species possess an X0 sex chromosome system and telo/acrocentric chromosome morphology. The only species found in the Pantanal biome, H.brasiliensis, can be chromosomally distinguished from the Cerrado biome species H.major and H.minor, due to the difference in chromosome number (2n♂= 29 and 2n♂= 31, respectively).

Revision of Australian Parathyginus with description of two new species, along with first detailed description of aedeagus in the family Heterogastridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5016 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-522
Author(s):  
M. B. MALIPATIL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two New Species

The Australian species of the small heterogastrid genus Parathyginus Scudder, 1957 have been reviewed, resulting in the establishment of the junior subjective synonymy of P. doddi (Distant, 1918) with P. signifer (Walker, 1872), and the description of two new species, P. australis sp. nov. and P. acuminatus sp. nov. A redescription of the genus is provided with emphasis on male and female genitalia characters, along with a key to all included Australian species. Male genitalia, particularly the details of the aedeagus, have been rarely studied in this genus or for that matter the family Heterogastridae particularly due to the difficulty in inflating the inflatable sections. In this study, therefore, an attempt was made to fully inflate and describe the aedeagus of all the species included in this contribution, as well as of Heterogaster urticae (Fabricius, 1775), the type species of the oldest genus Heterogaster Schilling, 1829, of the family Heterogastridae.  

A molecular phylogeny of the circum-Antarctic Opiliones family Neopilionidae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Kate Sheridan ◽  
Caitlin M. Baker ◽  
Christina J. Painting ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
South American ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family

The Opiliones family Neopilionidae is restricted to the terranes of the former temperate Gondwana: South America, Africa, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Despite decades of morphological study of this unique fauna, it has been difficult reconciling the classic species of the group (some described over a century ago) with recent cladistic morphological work and previous molecular work. Here we attempted to investigate the pattern and timing of diversification of Neopilionidae by sampling across the distribution range of the family and sequencing three markers commonly used in Sanger-based approaches (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I). We recovered a well-supported and stable clade including Ballarra (an Australian ballarrine) and the Enantiobuninae from South America, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand, but excluding Vibone (a ballarrine from South Africa). We further found a division between West and East Gondwana, with the South American Thrasychirus/Thrasychiroides always being sister group to an Australian–Zealandian (i.e. Australia + New Zealand + New Caledonia) clade. Resolution of the Australian–Zealandian taxa was analysis-dependent, but some analyses found Martensopsalis, from New Caledonia, as the sister group to an Australian–New Zealand clade. Likewise, the species from New Zealand formed a clade in some analyses, but Mangatangi often came out as a separate lineage from the remaining species. However, the Australian taxa never constituted a monophyletic group, with Ballarra always segregating from the remaining Australian species, which in turn constituted 1–3 clades, depending on the analysis. Our results identify several generic inconsistencies, including the possibility of Thrasychiroides nested within Thrasychirus, Forsteropsalis being paraphyletic with respect to Pantopsalis, and multiple lineages of Megalopsalis in Australia. In addition, the New Zealand Megalopsalis need generic reassignment: Megalopsalis triascuta will require its own genus and M. turneri is here transferred to Forsteropsalis, as Forsteropsalis turneri (Marples, 1944), comb. nov.

scholarly journals Unprecedented reorganization of holocentric chromosomes provides insights into the enigma of lepidopteran chromosome evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. eaau3648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Hill ◽  
Pasi Rastas ◽  
Emily A. Hornett ◽  
Ramprasad Neethiraj ◽  
Nathan Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Holocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Pieris Napi ◽  
Haploid Chromosome Number ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Face ◽  
Chromosome Level

Chromosome evolution presents an enigma in the mega-diverse Lepidoptera. Most species exhibit constrained chromosome evolution with nearly identical haploid chromosome counts and chromosome-level gene collinearity among species more than 140 million years divergent. However, a few species possess radically inflated chromosomal counts due to extensive fission and fusion events. To address this enigma of constraint in the face of an exceptional ability to change, we investigated an unprecedented reorganization of the standard lepidopteran chromosome structure in the green-veined white butterfly (Pieris napi). We find that gene content in P. napi has been extensively rearranged in large collinear blocks, which until now have been masked by a haploid chromosome number close to the lepidopteran average. We observe that ancient chromosome ends have been maintained and collinear blocks are enriched for functionally related genes suggesting both a mechanism and a possible role for selection in determining the boundaries of these genome-wide rearrangements.

scholarly journals Monocentric chromosomes in Juncus (Juncaceae) and implications for the chromosome evolution of the family

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Guerra ◽  
Tiago Ribeiro ◽  
Leonardo P Felix
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Holocentric Chromosomes ◽  
Mitotic Chromosomes ◽  
Restricted Area ◽  
Rdna Sites ◽  
The Family ◽  
Meiotic Analyses

Abstract Holocentric chromosomes are rare among angiosperms, but have been suggested to be shared by all or most of the species of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. However, no clear demonstration of the centromere type in Juncus, the largest genus of Juncaceae, has so far been published. Thus, we conducted a detailed chromosomal investigation of four Juncus spp. aiming to identify their centromere type. Mitotic chromosomes were analysed using the fluorochromes CMA and DAPI, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probes and immunodetection of histones H3 phosphorylated at serine 10 (H3-S10ph) and H2A phosphorylated at threonine 133 (H2A-T133ph). DAPI-stained chromosomes of all species displayed typical primary constrictions, which were not related to AT-poor CMA+ heterochromatin or rDNA sites (usually negatively stained with DAPI). Immunodetection with H3-S10ph and H2A-T133ph revealed hyperphosphorylation of pericentromeric and centromeric regions, respectively, in a restricted area, as observed in monocentric chromosomes. Meiotic analyses in J. microcephalus showed no indication of inverted meiosis, commonly found in plants with holocentric chromosomes. Since the species investigated here belong to four different sections of Juncus and all of them display typical monocentric chromosomes, it seems that this kind of centromere is common in the genus and may represent the standard centromere organization for Juncus. If Juncus has monocentric chromosomes, there is no reason to hypothesize that other genera of Juncaceae for which centromeres have not been carefully investigated have holocentric chromosomes.

Systematics of Paraleucopis Malloch with proposal of Paraleucopidae, a new family of acalyptrate Diptera

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4668 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-328
Author(s):  
TERRY A. WHEELER ◽  
BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
New Family ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group Relationships ◽  
Northwestern Mexico

Paraleucopidae Wheeler fam. nov. is proposed for the previously unplaced New World genera Paraleucopis Malloch, Mallochianamyia Santos-Neto and Schizostomyia Malloch and undescribed Australian species. A key to genera of Paraleucopidae is provided. Paraleucopis is revised and includes nine species: P. auripes Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Andalgala, Argentina); P. bispinosa Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Socos, Coquimbo, Chile); P. boharti Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Andalgala, Argentina); P. boydensis Steyskal (type locality: nr. Palm Desert, California, USA); P. corvina Malloch (type species of genus; type locality: New Mexico, USA); P. mexicana Steyskal (type locality: Kino Bay, Mexico); P. nigra Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Portal, Arizona, USA); P. paraboydensis Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Willis Palms Oasis, California, USA); P. saguaro Wheeler & Sinclair sp. nov. (type locality: Usery Mtn Park, Arizona, USA). A key to the species of Paraleucopis is provided. The distribution of Paraleucopis is disjunct, with six species in the western United States and northwestern Mexico and three species in northern Chile and northern Argentina.                The sister group and superfamilial assignment of the Paraleucopidae cannot be established based on current knowledge although the family has affinities to some families of the Asteioinea sensu J.F. McAlpine. A well-supported hypothesis on the relationships of the families of the Acalyptratae will be required before the sister group relationships of Paraleucopidae can be determined. 

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