The polytene chromosomes of Drosophila triauraria and D. quadraria, sibling species of D. auraria

Genome ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mavragani-Tsipidou ◽  
Z. G. Scouras ◽  
K. Haralampidis ◽  
S. Lavrentiadou ◽  
C. D. Kastritsis
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Paired Condition ◽  
Homozygous Strain ◽  
Paracentric Inversions ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance ◽  
Tandem Duplications

The polytene chromosomes of Drosophila triauraria and D. quadraria, two of the sibling species of D. auraria, were examined. The polytene chromosomes of all three species exhibit very clear homology. Unlike the stock of D. auraria that we studied, D. triauraria and D. quadraria carry heterozygous paracentric inversions. In both species, 2R and 3R are the arms where these inversions are concentrated. In addition, in D. quadraria, the 3L chromosome arm is very complicated because of heterozygous inversions. The mode of inheritance of these rearrangements was studied. A homozygous strain for all chromosome arms of D. triauraria was isolated, while a homozygous strain was obtained only for the arms X, 2L, 3L, and 4 of D. quadraria. Like D. auraria, both species show a large number of inverted tandem duplications in the paired condition, even in the chromosomes of their hybrids. Small deletions were also detected, one of which, in D. triauraria, is homozygous terminal. Hypotheses are discussed concerning the relationships of the species and the existence of inverted tandem duplications.Key words: Drosophila, duplications, inversions, deletions, evolution.

Relationships within the melanogaster species subgroup of the genus Drosophila ( Sophophora ) - II. Phylogenetic relationships between six species based upon polytene chromosome banding sequences

1976 ◽  
Vol 193 (1112) ◽  
pp. 275-294 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Chromosome Banding ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

The melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila comprises six sibling species. The interrelationship between these species has been studied by analysis of the banding patterns of their polytene chromosomes. The species fall into two groups: (1) melanogaster, simulans and mauritiana and (2) erecta, teissieri and yakuba . The former group are chromosomally closely related, indeed simulans and mauritiana are homosequential. The latter group (all African endemic species) are less closely related although they all share eight autosomal inversions of the standard (i. e. melanogaster ) sequence. From this shared sequence the chromosomes of the three African endemic species have diverged considerably by many paracentric inversions. Both D. teissieri and D. yakuba are polymorphic; we describe nine and four inversion sequences in them respectively. D. erecta is monomorphic although our sample size is very small (only two populations). We discuss both the origin of interspecific inversions, especially the problem of inversion breakpoint coincidence, and the light this study throws upon evolutionary relationships within this group of species.

Cytological studies of sibling species of Simulium tuberosum (Lundström) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Chromosome Pattern ◽  
High Degree

This paper extends the known geographic distribution of S. tuberosum siblings recorded in 1962 by R. Landau by analyzing the polytene chromosomes in the larva. Her seven basic IIS arrangements are augmented by the addition of four new types. These were St/A, A/A; CDE-2/CDE, CDE/CDE; Y2/AB, AB/AB; and FGI. These new siblings, like the originals, have fixed differences in chromosome arm IIS. One of these, FGI, distinguished by a high degree of polymorphism, and the presence of fixed differences from the tuberosum standard in arms IS, IL, and IIIL, occurred both in Alaska and Norway. A comparison of the standard tuberosum, the S. venustum, and the FGI sibling chromosome pattern revealed the FGI sibling to be much closer to the venustum standard than any other tuberosum sibling. A second new sibling (Y2/AB) from Norway differed from the standard in the Y chromosome by multiple rearrangements in IIS and two tandem inversions in IIL. The fixed changes on arms other than IIS in the FGI siblings and the Y2/AB sibling are the first to be detected in this complex. There were a number of shared inversions in the populations studied indicating a common ancestor and (or) introgression.

scholarly journals CHROMOSOMAL SEQUENCES AND INTERISLAND COLONIZATIONS IN HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-482
Author(s):  
Hampton L Carson
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Hawaiian Drosophila ◽  
On This Island ◽  
Break Points ◽  
Chromosomal Sequences ◽  
Founder Events ◽  
Paracentric Inversions ◽  
Single Set

ABSTRACT Of 103 picture-winged Drosophila species endemic to the high Hawaiian islands, all but three are endemic to single islands or island complexes. They are presumed to have evolved in situ on each island. The banding pattern sequences of the five major polytene chromosomes of these species have been mapped to a single set of Standard sequences. Sequential variation among these chromosomes is due to 213 paracentric inversions. An atlas of their break points is provided. Geographical, morphological and behavioral data may be used to supplement the cytological information in tracing ancestry. Starting at the newer end of the archipelago, the 26 species of the Island of Hawaii (less than 700,000 years old) are inferred to have been derived from 19 founders, 15 from the Maui complex, three from Oahu and one from Kauai. The existence of 40 Maui complex species is explicable as resulting from 12 founders, ten from Oahu and two from Kauai. The 29 Oahu species can be explained by 12 founder events, five from Kauai and seven from Maui complex (summary in Figure 5). Although the ancestry of two Kauai species can be traced to newer islands, the ten remaining ones on this island (age about 5.6 million years) are apparently ancient elements in the fauna, relating ultimately to Palearctic continental sources.

scholarly journals Gain/Amplification of Chromosome Arm 1q21 in Multiple Myeloma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Ichiro Hanamura
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Hematological Malignancy ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Plasma Cell Neoplasm ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Cell Neoplasm ◽  
Prognostic Implications ◽  
Tandem Duplications

Multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell neoplasm, is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by complex genetic and prognostic heterogeneity. Gain or amplification of chromosome arm 1q21 (1q21+) is the most frequent adverse chromosomal aberration in MM, occurring in 40% of patients at diagnosis. It occurs in a subclone of the tumor as a secondary genomic event and is more amplified as the tumor progresses and a risk factor for the progression from smoldering multiple myeloma to MM. It can be divided into either 1q21 gain (3 copies) or 1q21 amplification (≥4 copies), and it has been suggested that the prognosis is worse in cases of amplification than gain. Trisomy of chromosome 1, jumping whole-arm translocations of chromosome1q, and tandem duplications lead to 1q21+ suggesting that its occurrence is not consistent at the genomic level. Many studies have reported that genes associated with the malignant phenotype of MM are situated on the 1q21 amplicon, including CKS1B, PSMD4, MCL1, ANP32E, and others. In this paper, we review the current knowledge regarding the clinical features, prognostic implications, and the speculated pathology of 1q21+ in MM, which can provide clues for an effective treatment approach to MM patients with 1q21+.

scholarly journals PROPERTIES AND EVOLUTIONARY POTENTIAL OF NEWLY INDUCED TANDEM DUPLICATIONS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-89
Author(s):  
Paul A Roberts ◽  
David J Broderick
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Tandem Duplication ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Tandem Duplications

ABSTRACT Most of some 33 X-ray-induced duplications recovered as Suppressors of Minute loci proved to be direct tandem duplications. When heterozygous, most duplications were crossover suppressors, and duplications of short to moderate size did not reduce the fitness of their bearers. Crossover suppression by tandem duplication may be attributed to intrastrand foldbacks of the type regularly seen in somatic polytene chromosomes. As a consequence, linkage disequilibrium between duplicated elements and normal chromosomes should be more profound than has been supposed. Tandem duplications appear to be predisposed by reason of frequency of generation, crossover suppression and fitness effects to serve as the primary source of new genes.

Population cytogenetic studies on Simulium feuerborni Edwards (Diptera: Simuliidae) from northern Thailand

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaliow Kuvangkadilok ◽  
Suwannee Phayuhasena ◽  
Visut Baimai
Keyword(s):  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Larval Salivary Gland ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Chiang Mai Province ◽  
Chromosome I ◽  
Paracentric Inversions

A standard photographic map of Simulium feuerborni (Diptera: Simuliidae) was constructed from larval salivary gland polytene chromosomes and is described herein. Analysis of polytene chromosomes was made from wild larvae collected from the four populations at Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Simulium feuerborni has three pairs of chromosomes (2n = 6) which are arranged from the longest to the shortest. Chromosome I is metacentric while chromosomes II and III are submetacentric. A total of six simple paracentric inversions have been detected in these natural populations of S. feuerborni. These inversions (IS-1, IL-1, IIL-1, IIL-2, IIIS-1, IIIL-1) occurred in all chromosome arms except for the arm IIS. Significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been observed in inversion IIIL-1 at Hui Sai Luaeng suggesting the existence of two gene pools in this population. There is no indication of sex linkage associated with an inversion sequence in these populations. Thus, the X and Y chromosomes of S. feuerborni could not be recognized in this study.Key words: Simulium, polytene chromosome map, inversion polymorphisms

Cytotaxonomy of Simulium (Montisimulium) ghoomense (Diptera: Simuliidae) from the Darjeeling Hills, India

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2872 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
WILLIE HENRY ◽  
SACHIN THAPA ◽  
PETER H. ADLER ◽  
SUBRATA KUMAR DEY ◽  
RAKESH VARMA
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Haploid Number ◽  
Total Complement ◽  
Chromosomal Map

The polytene chromosomes are mapped for a scarce Himalayan simuliid, Simulium (Montisimulium) ghoomense Datta, from the Darjeeling area of India. This species has three tightly paired polytene chromosomes with a haploid number of 3. Chromosomes I, II, and III account for 39.6%, 30.3%, and 30.1% of the total complement length, respectively. The centromeres of chromosomes II and III consistently form a putative partial chromocenter. Sex chromosomes are undifferentiated and polymorphisms and sibling species are lacking in a sample of 35 larvae. This is the first chromosomal map for a species in the subgenus Montisimulium in India.

Cytogenetic analysis of Malpighian tubule and salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Bactrocera oleae (Dacus oleae) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Genome ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Zambetaki ◽  
Kleanthis Kleanthous ◽  
Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Banding Pattern ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Bactrocera Oleae ◽  
Dacus Oleae ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Ectopic Pairing ◽  
Tandem Duplications

Photomaps of the Malpighian tubule and the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of Bactrocera oleae (Dacus oleae) are presented and compared with those of the fat body. Five polytene chromosomes (10 polytene arms) corresponding to the five autosomes of the mitotic nuclei, as well as a heterochromatic mass corresponding to the sex chromosomes, are observed in the nuclei of the three somatic tissues. The most prominent features of each polytene chromosome, the reverse tandem duplications, as well as the rather unusual ectopic pairing of the telomeric regions of different chromosome arms, are described. The constancy of the banding pattern based on the analysis of the three larval tissues is discussed.Key words: Bactrocera oleae (Dacus oleae), polytene chromosomes, salivary gland, Malpighian tubule, banding pattern.

Sibling species of the blackfly Prosimulium onychodactylum (Simuliidae, Diptera): a salivary gland chromosome study

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2816-2835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester J. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Homologous Pairing ◽  
Chromosome Markers ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Backcross Hybrids

Larvae of the morphospecies Prosimulium onychodactylum collected from two streams in northern Oregon are divided into 11 sibling species based on fixed and polymorphic inversions. The sibling species have differentiated sex chromosomes; each sibling species falls into one of two groups based on the chromosome arm which carries the sex chromosome markers. Males exhibit lack of homologous pairing or inversion heterzygosity and females have complete chromosome pairing or inversion homozygosity. There is a succession of sibling species which mature in the streams from January through September. Mature larvae of each sibling species are present for about 6 weeks; some are synchronic while others are allochronic. Some of the sibling species occur in the same stream and others are in different streams. Sibling species which are both synchronic and sympatric appear to be reproductively isolated. Reproductive isolation may not be complete for sibling species which are normally allopatric or allochronic; small numbers of F1 and backcross hybrids were found between some of these sibling species. The division of the morphospecies into sibling species was also observed in collections from Washington through northern California.

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