Revisiting the evolution of the North American tetraploid treefrog (Hyla versicolor)

Genome ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 547-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Bogart ◽  
Patrick Burgess ◽  
Jinzhong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Diploid Species ◽  
Hyla Versicolor ◽  
Hyla Chrysoscelis ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
The North ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B

Hyla chrysoscelis and H. versicolor are common treefrogs in eastern North America and are a cryptic diploid–tetraploid species pair. They are morphologically identical but H. versicolor is a tetraploid. They can be identified acoustically by the male’s advertisement mating call, which has a pulse repetition rate that has twice as many pulses per second in the diploid species, H. chrysoscelis. We used isozymes, microsatellite DNA alleles, and mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences to test the hypothesis that gene exchange occurs between the diploid and tetraploid species in sympatric populations. Each method provided results that are best explained by occasional hybridization of female H. versicolor and male H. chrysoscelis. We propose that H. versicolor first arose from an autotriploid H. chrysoscelis female that produced unreduced triploid eggs. After H. versicolor became established, genes could be passed from H. chrysoscelis to H. versicolor in sympatric populations when these species hybridize. Their F1 female progeny produce unreduced triploid eggs that are fertilized by haploid H. chrysoscelis sperm to reconstitute H. versicolor. Genes can be passed from diploid H. chrysoscelis to tetraploid H. versicolor in sympatric populations.

Comparative contractile dynamics of calling and locomotor muscles in three hylid frogs.

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (7) ◽  
pp. 1527-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
D McLister ◽  
E D Stevens ◽  
J P Bogart
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Time ◽  
Isometric Tension ◽  
Hyla Versicolor ◽  
Hyla Chrysoscelis ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Call Production ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
Locomotor Muscles ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Isometric Twitch

Isometric twitch and tetanus parameters, force-velocity curves, maximum shortening velocity (Vmax) and percentage relaxation between stimuli (%R) across a range of stimulus frequencies were determined for a muscle used during call production (the tensor chordarum) and a locomotor muscle (the sartorius) for three species of hylid frogs, Hyla chrysoscelis, H. versicolor and H. cinerea. The call of H. chrysoscelis has a note repetition rate (NRR) approximately twice as fast as the call of H. versicolor (28.3, 42.5 and 56.8 notes s-1 for H. chrysoscelis and 14.8, 21.1 and 27.4 notes s-1 for H. versicolor at 15, 20 and 25 degrees C, respectively). Hyla cinerea calls at a very slow NRR (Approximately 3 notes s-1 at 25 degrees C). Hyla versicolor evolved from H. chrysoscelis via autopolyploidy, so the mating call of H. chrysoscelis is presumably the ancestral mating call of H. versicolor. For the tensor chordarum of H. chrysoscelis, H. versicolor and H. cinerea at 25 degrees C, mean twitch duration (19.2, 30.0 and 52.9 ms, respectively), maximum isometric tension (P0; 55.0, 94.4 and 180.5 kN m-2, respectively), tetanic half-relaxation time (17.2, 28.7 and 60.6 ms, respectively) and Vmax (4.7, 5.2 and 2.1 lengths s-1, respectively) differed significantly (P < 0.05) among all three species. The average time of tetanic contraction to half-P0 did not differ significantly between H. chrysoscelis (14.5 ms) and H. versicolor (15.8 ms) but was significantly longer for H. cinerea (52.6 ms). At 25 degrees C, Vmax differed significantly among the sartorius muscles of H. chrysoscelis, H. versicolor and H. cinerea (5.2, 7.0 and 9.8 lengths s-1, respectively) but mean twitch duration (29.5, 32.2 and 38.7 ms, respectively), P0 (252.2, 240.7 and 285.1 kN m-2, respectively) and tetanic half-relaxation time (56.3, 59.5 and 60.7 ms, respectively) did not differ significantly. The average time of contraction to half-P0 did not differ significantly between H. chrysoscelis (23.7 ms) and H. versicolor (22.9 ms) but was significantly shorter for H. cinerea (15.6 ms). The only consistent contractile differences found in this study between the calling muscle and locomotor muscle of H. chrysoscelis, H. versicolor and H. cinerea were that the calling muscles generated less tension and their force-velocity relationship was much more linear. These differences may be attributable to ultrastructural differences between calling and locomotor muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Parallel changes in mate-attracting calls and female preferences in autotriploid tree frogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1733) ◽  
pp. 1583-1587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch A. Tucker ◽  
H. C. Gerhardt
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Hyla Versicolor ◽  
Hyla Chrysoscelis ◽  
Female Preferences ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tree Frogs ◽  
Different Origins

For polyploid species to persist, they must be reproductively isolated from their diploid parental species, which coexist at the same time and place at least initially. In a complex of biparentally reproducing tetraploid and diploid tree frogs in North America, selective phonotaxis—mediated by differences in the pulse-repetition (pulse rate) of their mate-attracting vocalizations—ensures assortative mating. We show that artificially produced autotriploid females of the diploid species ( Hyla chrysoscelis ) show a shift in pulse-rate preference in the direction of the pulse rate produced by males of the tetraploid species ( Hyla versicolor ). The estimated preference function is centred near the mean pulse rate of the calls of artificially produced male autotriploids. Such a parallel shift, which is caused by polyploidy per se and whose magnitude is expected to be greater in autotetraploids, may have facilitated sympatric speciation by promoting reproductive isolation of the initially formed polyploids from their diploid parental forms. This process also helps to explain why tetraploid lineages with different origins have similar advertisement calls and freely interbreed.

The origin of Dryopteris campyloptera

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1419-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Gibby
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
North American ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Independent Origin

In an attempt to establish the origin of the North American tetraploid Dryopteris campyloptera, hybrids have been synthesized and the chromosome pairing at meiosis investigated. It seems probable that it is derived from two diploid species, D. assimilis and D. intermedia. Dryopteris austriaca, a tetraploid species from Europe, is derived from the same diploid species but it may well have had an independent origin.

CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES ON RUMEX SECTION AXILLARES

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 947-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Marie Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Structural Hybridity ◽  
The North ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Very High

The present investigation covers only the North American species of Rumex subgenus Rumex (Lapathum) section Axillares. A review was made of all the previous taxonomical and cytological work done in this group. All the species of the section Axillares were morphologically studied and their natural distribution plotted on maps. The distributional data were derived from about 3000 herbarium specimens gathered from various herbaria in the United States and Canada. Chromosome numbers of 17 taxa of the section Axillares were determined. The three subsections were found to comprise a polyploid series, the monotypic subsection Venosi with 2n = 40, R. verticillatus of the subsection Verticillati with 2n = 60, and all but two of the species studied in the subsection Salicifolii with 2n = 20; the two exceptions were R. mexicanus and R. utahensis, both with 2n = 40. Meiosis was studied in the species of the subsection Salicifolii only. Both the diploid and the tetraploid species showed essentially normal meiotic behavior. Pollen fertility was also very high in all the species. A number of intra- and inter-specific hybridizations were made between the taxa in the subsection Salicifolii, involving both the diploid and the tetraploid species. The resulting diploid (diploid × diploid), triploid (diploid × tetraploid), and tetraploid (tetraploid × tetraploid) F1 hybrids were both morphologically and cytologically studied. Morphologically almost all the diploid and tetraploid hybrids were intermediate between the two parents. The triploid hybrids showed more similarity to the tetraploid species involved in the cross, Meiosis in all the diploid hybrids was essentially normal with 10 bivalents. However, there was a significant decrease in chiasma frequency as compared with the parent species. This was postulated to be due to cryptic structural hybridity. There were three different categories of pollen fertility, ranging from low to very high, which were not correlated with any meiotic irregularities. All the diploid hybrids were fertile and set abundant seeds. Meiosis in the triploid hybrids was very irregular with mostly 10 bivalents and 10 univalents at metaphase I. Anaphases were also irregular, resulting in numerous micronuclei. All the triploid hybrids were sterile and set only a few undeveloped seeds. Meiosis in the tetraploid hybrid studied was also irregular with mostly 9 bivalents and 22 univalents. It was thus postulated that both the tetraploid species are allotetraploids with one genome in common between them and that this genome is essentially the same one shared by the diploid species so far cytologically studied. The tetraploid hybrids were completely sterile and did not set any seed. From the cytogenetic data, the diploid species studied were shown to be very closely interrelated. However, no taxonomic revision was undertaken owing to lack of more complete data involving all the species comprising the group.

scholarly journals Interploid Hybridizations in Ornamental Cherries Using Prunus maackii

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
Margaret Pooler ◽  
Hongmei Ma ◽  
David Kidwell-Slak
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tetraploid Species ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Flowering Cherry ◽  
New Cultivars

The United States National Arboretum has an ongoing flowering cherry (Prunus) breeding program aimed at broadening the genetic base of cultivated ornamental cherries by developing new cultivars with disease and pest resistance, tolerance to environmental stresses, and superior ornamental characteristics. Interploid crosses, specifically 2X × 4X, in ornamental Prunus would be beneficial in breeding because they could allow introgression of traits not available in the diploid germplasm (pest resistance, cold hardiness), and could result in the creation of seedless triploids that would not set nuisance fruit and possibly have extended bloom durations. This report documents successful hybridization of P. maackii (Manchurian or Amur cherry), a tetraploid species, with P. campanulata, P. ‘Umineko’, and P. maximowiczii, all diploid species. Chromosomes of one of these resulting triploid hybrids were successfully doubled using oryzalin in tissue culture to create a hexaploid plant.

scholarly journals Two new frog species (Microhylidae: Cophixalus) from the Australian Wet Tropics region, and redescription of Cophixalus ornatus

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3271 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CONRAD J. HOSKIN
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Tropical Rainforests ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Multiple Species

In Australia the frog family Microhylidae is largely restricted to tropical rainforests of the Wet Tropics region in the north-east of the country, but in that region the family is diverse. Only one species, Cophixalus ornatus, is widespread in the WetTropics but there has been suspicion that it may comprise multiple species. A recent study (Hoskin et al. 2011) assessedgenetic and phenotypic variation across the range of C. ornatus, finding three deeply divergent genetic lineages that differin mating call and some aspects of morphology. Two of these lineages abutt in the central Wet Tropics and in that areahybridization was found to be very limited despite sympatry at high densities. Based on multiple lines of data, Hoskin etal. (2011) concluded that the three genetic lineages represent biological species. The taxonomy of these three lineages isresolved here. I describe two new species, Cophixalus australis sp. nov. and Cophixalus hinchinbrookensis sp. nov., andredescribe C. ornatus. The three species are not distinguishable based on any single morphological or call trait and arebest identified by genetics or locality. The distributions of the three species are largely allopatric. Cophixalus ornatus isfound in rainforest in the northern Wet Tropics, C. australis sp. nov. occurs in rainforest and adjacent wet sclerophyllforests in the central and southern Wet Tropics, and C. hinchinbrookensis sp. nov. inhabits rainforest and montane heathon Hinchinbrook Island. All three species are common. Cophixalus australis sp. nov. contains three genetic subgroupsthat are considered a single species based on phenotypic similarity and high levels of hybridization at contact zones. Thedescription of Cophixalus australis sp. nov. and Cophixalus hinchinbrookensis sp. nov. brings the number of Australian Cophixalus species to 18, 15 of which are restricted to the Wet Tropics region.

Stemodia diplohyptoides (Plantaginaceae, Gratiolae): a new diploid species from South America

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 186 (5) ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mercedes Sosa ◽  
Massimiliano Dematteis
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Corolla Tube ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Corolla Length ◽  
The North ◽  
Misiones Province ◽  
Northeastern Argentina ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

Stemodia diplohyptoides (Plantaginaceae), a new species from Gratiolae tribe is described and illustrated. This taxon is found in northeastern Argentina, at the edge of the Parana River that surrounds the north and center of Misiones province (Argentina). It is a diploid that has been traditionally treated under Stemodia hyptoides, which is here re-circumscribed to include only autopolyploid plants (tetraploid and hexaploid). The diploid specimens may be distinguished from the polyploid S. hyptoides by several morphological features such as shape, pubescence and margin of the leaves, corolla length and corolla tube pubescence. In addition, scanning electron microphotographs of seeds, chromosomes numbers, a distribution map and a key to distinguish the related species are also provided. On the basis of morphological, cytological and geographical data, some evolutionary considerations are inferred.

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