Analysis of Morphological Characteristics and Variation in Five Populations of Zabelia tyaihyonii in South Korea

Background and objective: Native to the limestone zones of the Korean Peninsula, Zabelia tyaihyonii is a popular plant for landscaping. As it is now classified as a rare species, the conservation of its genetic resources is necessary.Methods: In this study, which aimed to understand the morphological variation of Z. tyaihyonii, 18 characteristics of Z. tyaihyonii from five habitats were examined.Results: Of these 18 characteristics, 16 characteristics showed significant differences among sites, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 5.4% (for corolla lobe number) to 31.3% (for flower number). Notable variations were observed in the size of flower and calyx lobe. When the corolla length and calyx lobe length were used as the classification key of Z. tyaihyonii, the sites were divided into those with small, intermediate, and large values. Hair was observed on the filament of all samples, a finding which conflicts with an earlier report. Rather than classifying Z. tyaihyonii into different species on the basis of corolla length (COL) and calyx lobe length (CALL) values, we recommend modifying the species description to incorporate the variation in these characteristics of interest. Principal component analysis results showed that the first main component was highly correlated with the traits related to the size of the calyx lobe (length: 0.819, width: 0.758), and the second main component was highly correlated with the traits related with the size of the inflorescence (length: 0.790, width: 0.626).Conclusion: Several notable variations were identified among the characteristics related to inflorescence and calyx lobe. There is little genetic exchange among groups, or each group is influenced by micro environmental factors, because sites that are located nearby. In addition, the difference between COL and CALL, which is used as the classification key for Z. tyaihyonii, was divided into small group, large group, and intermediate group, regardless of the sites’ geographical distance.

A MULTIVARIATE MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENUS LOTUS L., 1753 (FABACEAE, LOTEAE) FROM EGYPT

This study aims at examining and confirming the patterns of phenetic relationships and the levels of variations within and among the species of Lotus L., 1753 in Egypt by using morphometric analysis techniques. We have evaluated 24 morphological characters from about 300 herbarium specimens representing 19 species of Lotus that are currently recognized. Based on numerical analyses of macromorphological characters (cluster analysis, principal coordinate analysis and principal component analysis), 19 species of Lotus were recognized from Egypt. These species were clustered in six species-specific groups: (I) Lotus halophilus Boiss. & Spruner, L. angustissimus L., L. glinoides Delile and L. schimperi Steud. ex Boiss., (II) Lotus glaber Mill. and L. palustris Willd., (III) Lotus polyphyllos E.D. Clarke, L. creticus L. and L. cytisoides L., (IV) Lotus gebelia Vent., L. lanuginosus Vent. and L. arenarius Brot., (V) Lotus edulis L., L. tetragonolobus L. and L. conjugatus L. and (VI) Lotus ornithopodioides L., L. peregrinus L., L. arabicus L. and L. hebranicus Hochst. ex Brand. As a result of this study, we proposed that some characters, not previously examined in detail, showed significant characters in species delimitation: pod length, seed dimensions, features of upper and lower leaflets, calyx, length of corolla, length of style, numbers of flowers and ovules.

Scutellaria topcuoglui (Lamiaceae), a new serpentinomorph species from south-western Anatolia, Turkey

Scutellaria topcuoglui (Lamiaceae) from Muğla Province (south-western Anatolia) is described as a new species to science. The new species is morphologically similar to S. glaphyrostachys, but differs from it by several morphological characters, such as the presence of glandular hairs in stems, leaves, bracts, calyx and corolla, scutellum length, corolla length, coloration, and indumentum, mericarp length, coloration, and sculpture, pollen shape, and habitat preference. Diagnostic characters, a comprehensive description, photographs, and a distribution map are provided.

Towards a global perspective for Salvia L: Phylogeny, diversification, and floral evolution

Premise of this study: Salvia is the most species-rich genus in Lamiaceae, encompassing approximately 1000 species distributed all over the world. We sought a new evolutionary perspective for Salvia by employing macroevolutionary analyses to address the tempo and mode of diversification. To study the association of floral traits with speciation and extinction, we modeled and explored the evolution of corolla length and the lever-mechanism pollination system across our Salvia phylogeny. Methods: We reconstructed a multigene phylogeny for 366 species of Salvia in the broad sense including all major recognized lineages and numerous species from Iran, a region previously overlooked in studies of the genus. Our phylogenetic data in combination with divergence time estimates were used to examine the evolution of corolla length, woody vs. herbaceous habit, and presence vs. absence of a lever mechanism. We investigated the timing and dependence of Salvia diversification related to corolla length evolution through a disparity test and BAMM analysis. A HiSSE model was used to evaluate the dependency of diversification on the lever-mechanism pollination system in Salvia. Key Results: Based on recent investigations and classifications, Salvia is monophyletic and comprises ~1000 species. Our inclusion, for the first time, of a comprehensive sampling for Iranian species of Salvia provides higher phylogenetic resolution for southwestern Asian species than obtained in previous studies. A medium corolla length (15-18mm) was reconstructed as the ancestral state for Salvia with multiple shifts to shorter and longer corollas. Macroevolutionary model analyses indicate that corolla length disparity is high throughout Salvia evolution, significantly different from expectations under a Brownian motion model during the last 28 million years of evolution. Our analyses show evidence of a higher diversification rate of corolla length for some Andean species of Salvia compared to other members of the genus. Based on our tests of diversification models, we reject the hypothesis of a direct effect of the lever mechanism on Salvia diversification. Conclusions: Using a broader species sampling than previous studies, we obtained a well-resolved phylogeny for southwest Asian species of Salvia. Corolla length is an adaptive trait throughout the Salvia phylogeny with a higher rate of diversification in the South American clade. Our results suggest caution in considering the lever-mechanism pollination system as one of the main drivers of speciation in Salvia.

Low Pollinator Sharing Between Coexisting Native and Non-native Plant Pairs: The Effect of Corolla Length and Flower Abundance

Understanding the mechanisms by which non-native plants can attract pollinators in their new geographical zones is important because such species infiltrate native communities and can disrupt native ecological interactions. Despite the large number of studies assessing how invasive plants impact plant–pollinator interactions, the specific comparison of pollination interactions between native and non-native plant pairs has received much less attention. Here we focused on four coexisting co-flowering pairs of common native and non-native species, both with abundant flowers but different floral traits, and asked: (1) to what extent native and non-native plants share pollinator species, and whether the non-native plants attract a different set of pollinators, (2) whether the most shared pollinators are the most frequent floral visitors and the most generalized in their interactions, and (3) how much of the variation in the diversity and frequency of pollinator species between native and non-native plant species can be explained by floral trait dissimilarity and flower abundance. Direct pollinator observations revealed that the plant pairs shared a low fraction (0–33%) of insect species, i.e., non-native plants tended to acquire a different set of pollinators than their native counterparts. The most shared pollinators in each plant pair were the most common but not the most generalized species, and non-native species attracted both generalized and specialized pollinators. Corolla length at opening and flower abundance showed to be important in determining the differences in flower visitation rate between natives and non-natives. Our findings support the general pattern that non-native species have no barriers at the pollination stage to integrate into native communities and that they may attract a different assemblage of pollinators relative to those that visit native plants with which they coexist.

Flowering attributes of Henckelia Royal Queen influenced by pinching and Paclobutrazol application

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of pinching practice and different concentrations of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the flowering of Henckelia Royal Queen plants.Completely randomized design with eight treatment combinations of pinching or non-pinching and different concentrations of Paclobutrazol (0, 15, 30and 60 ppm) soil drenchwas usedwith eight replicates for each treatment. Pinching was practiced twice at two weeks intervals. Flowering parameters viz. number of flower buds, days taken to flowering, number of flowers, pedicel length, corolla length and corolla width were measured at two weeks intervals from 9thweek after the treatment application. Results disclosed that plants showed better flowering performances (P<0.05) with increasing concentrations of PBZ, but degree of leaf deformation was increased. Therefore, the application of 15 ppm PBZ with pinching showed better to obtain dwarf Henckelia Royal Queen plants with improved flowering quality as commercial potted plants. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.56(3), 177-184, 2021

A new Stachys species from Turkey: Stachys siirtensis (Lamiaceae)

Stachys siirtensis (Lamiaceae), a new endemic species from Botan Valley of Siirt province in Turkey, is here described. The species is characterized by having congested verticillasters. Hairiness, calyx and corolla length, as well as nutlet and the arrangement of verticillasters, have been used to distinguish Stachys species. Stachys siirtensis is morphologically similar to S. ballotiformis and S. kurdica. The new species resembles S. ballotiformis, but it can be distinguished by flowering stems with glabrous to sparsely and retrorsely pubescence, longer calyx (8–10 mm long) and corolla (13–15 mm long). It also differs from S. kurdica by stalked glandular flowering stems, congested verticillasters, having pilose and sessile glands on calyx, and oblong-obovoid nutlets.

Effect of pollinator size on seed set in Lamium album var. barbatum

Background and aims – Previous researchers have demonstrated that geographic variation in pollinator community composition can generate diversity in the floral traits of animal-pollinated plants. Our study focused on the bumblebee-pollinated white dead-nettle Lamium album var. barbatum. Geographic variation in corolla length of this species is known to be correlated with regional pollinator size. The aim of this study is to clarify whether size-matching between flower and pollinator affects seed set in L. album.Material and methods – In the present study, we investigated two L. album populations on Mount Norikura, central Japan. We determined the pollinator community composition and corolla length during the flowering period of L. album and recorded seed set after a single visit by different pollinator categories.Key results – We observed that the main pollinators of L. album were bumblebee queens and workers. Bumblebee queens visited flowers more frequently than workers during peak flowering. Furthermore, size-matching between flowers and bumblebee queens, but not workers, strongly promoted seed set. These results suggest that L. album flower size is adapted to bumblebee queens, the main pollinator during peak flowering season in our study sites.