Physiological characteristics of the best Eritrean runners—exceptional running economy

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Lucia ◽  
Jonathan Esteve-Lanao ◽  
Jesús Oliván ◽  
Félix Gómez-Gallego ◽  
Alejandro F. San Juan ◽  
...  

Despite their young age, limited training history, and lack of running tradition compared with other East African endurance athletes (e.g., Kenyans and Ethiopians), male endurance runners from Eritrea have recently attained important running successes. The purposes of our study were (i) to document the main physical and physiological characteristics of elite black Eritrean distance runners (n = 7; age: 22 ± 3 years) and (ii) to compare them with those of their elite white Spanish counterparts. For this second purpose we selected a control group of elite Spanish runners (n = 9; 24 ± 2 years), owing to the traditionally high success of Spanish athletes in long-distance running compared with other white runners, especially in cross-country competitions. The subjects’ main anthropometric characteristics were determined, together with their maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and VO2 (mL·kg–1·min–1), blood lactate, and ammonia concentrations while running at 17, 19, or 21 km·h–1. The body mass index (18.9 ± 1.5 kg·m–2) and maximal calf circumference (30.9 ± 1.5 cm) was lower in Eritreans than in Spaniards (20.5 ± 1.7 kg·m–2 and 33.9 ± 2.0 cm, respectively) (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) and their lower leg (shank) length was longer (44.1 ± 3.0 cm vs. 40.6 ± 2.7 cm, respectively) (p < 0.05). VO2 max did not differ significantly between Eritreans and Spaniards (73.8 ± 5.6 mL·kg–1·min–1 vs. 77.8 ± 5.7 mL·kg–1·min–1, respectively), whereas the VO2 cost of running was lower (p < 0.01) in the former (e.g., 65.9 ± 6.8 mL·kg–1·min–1 vs. 74.8  ± 5.0 mL·kg–1·min–1 when running at 21 km·h–1). Our data suggest that the excellent running economy of Eritreans is associated, at least partly, with anthropometric variables. Comparison of their submaximal running cost with other published data suggests that superior running economy, rather than enhanced aerobic capacity, may be the common denominator in the success of black endurance runners of East African origin.

2019 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 083-083
Author(s):  
Serra Pol M. ◽  
Pons Hernández A. ◽  
Barea Vega E. ◽  
Gómez Luque M.

Abstract Introduction and Aim Several studies associate tendinopathies with structural changes in the Achilles tendon (AT). However, few studies have demonstrated whether long distance running training can generate structural changes at the level of the AT. The aim of this study was to determine whether adaptive changes exist, both structural and functional, in the AT of asymptomatic endurance runners with no history of lesions to the AT. Material and Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study. In total, 14 subjects were selected and divided into two groups of 7 subjects each. The intervention group (IG) comprised all usual runners, running over 60 km per week, with no previous lesion to the AT. The control group (CG) included all active subjects but who did not perform competitive sports nor did they run more than 10 km per week. The ankle dorsal flexion (ADF) of each subject was measured together with the index of reactive force (IRF), and the width of the AT body was measured using ultrasound, together with the level of hypervascularization, the presence of hypoechoic areas and the presence of hyperechoic areas. To measure ADF, the validated measurement was used with the application (App) Dorsiflex for IPhone. To calculate IRF, the validated measure of the Drop Jump, test from the App My Jump 2 was used. The ultrasound assessment was always performed by the same examiner. The ultrasound machine was a General Electric, Logiq V2 model for measuring both feet: the width of the AT body, the degree of hyper vascularization, the presence of hypoechoic areas and the presence of calcifications. The subject was placed in prone, with the foot hanging off the table and the ankle was in 90° flexion. The examiner was placed on the same side as the lower limb examined. Results The means of the results obtained and p-values of significance were as follows: ADF = 46° CG 43.6° IG (p > 0.005). IRF = 0.92 CG 1.07 IG (p > 0.005) Ultrasound = CG 43% presence of vascularization outside the tendon; IG 83% presence of vascularization outside the tendon. Conclusions No significant evidence exists to support that the AT in endurance runners without a history of injuries, presents functional adaptations. However, it seems that in endurance runners, there is a greater presence of vessels in Kager's fat pad, although it is necessary to obtain data from a larger population to confirm and establish the possible relationships of these changes.


2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Qiao Chen ◽  
Shihong Liu

Sports can cause the consumption of energy materials in the body. The rational use of nutritional supplements can maintain the homeostasis of the organism, which plays a very important role in improving the competitive performance of sports athletes. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of nutritional supplements on basketball sports fatigue. The method of this study is as follows: first of all, 15 basketball players in our city were selected as the experimental objects, and they were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. The members of the experimental group took nutrients. After the training, 6 days a week, 3 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the afternoon, and the rest was adjusted on Sunday. Before training, four weeks and eight weeks of training, the blood routine indexes and body functions of athletes were tested. The results showed that the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, and average hemoglobin concentration of ligustilide supplement of the athletes were at the level of 0.05 after 4 weeks and 8 weeks, and the difference was significant ( P < 0.05 ). The nutritional supplements were used in sprint (3.4 s less), long-distance running (12.8 s less), and weight lifting (6.2 kg more) to a certain extent. Nutritional supplements are used as an auxiliary means of diet to supplement the amino acids, trace elements, vitamins, minerals, etc. required by the human body. The conclusion is that nutrition supplement can effectively improve the indexes of athletes’ body in about four weeks, but the effect is not obvious after a long time. This study provides a certain method for the research of nutritional supplements in the field of sports.


2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-463
Author(s):  
Toomas Gross

Since the turn of the millennium, the number of Estonians running at least one marathon a year has grown nearly twentyfold. This paper links the marathon boom in Estonia to novel ideas about the “good life” among a subset of the country’s middle class, also situating the phenomenon in the broader context of post-1991 socio-economic changes. Drawing on fifty narrative interviews with recreational runners and a content analysis of various runners’ blogs, the article pays special attention to “runners’ bodies.” Recreational marathoners consciously put their bodies at the service of their “selves” by submitting the body to regular physical strain, which fits with their distinctively middle-class ideals of self-discipline, motivation, diligence, and perseverance. But runners’ bodies are also “bodies for others”—they not only encapsulate but also display these ideals. Approaching runners’ bodies as “bodies for selves” and as “bodies for others,” the article makes two arguments. Firstly, a fit body as physical capital and the “purposeful suffering” that long-distance running almost inevitably leads to have recently shifted to the core of living a “good life” in the case of growing numbers of the Estonian middle class. Secondly, the “others” for middle-class runners’ bodies are first and foremost the sedentary and generally overweight bodies of their own class. For a subset of the Estonian middle class, a slim and fit running body, in combination with changed consumption practices and reference groups, serves to distinguish themselves from the generalised idea of a middle-class person in today’s Estonia.


1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1822-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Coetzer ◽  
T. D. Noakes ◽  
B. Sanders ◽  
M. I. Lambert ◽  
A. N. Bosch ◽  
...  

Black athletes currently dominate long-distance running events in South Africa. In an attempt to explain an apparently superior running ability of black South African athletes at distances > 3 km, we compared physiological measurements in the fastest 9 white and 11 black South African middle-to long-distance runners. Whereas both groups ran at a similar percentage of maximal O2 uptake (%VO2max) over 1.65#x2013;5 km, the %VO2max sustained by black athletes was greater than that of white athletes at distances > 5 km (P < 0.001). Although both groups had similar training volumes, black athletes reported that they completed more exercise at > 80% VO2max (36 +/- 18 vs. 14 +/- 7%: P < 0.005). When corrections were made for the black athletes' smaller body mass, their superior ability to sustain a high %VO2max could not be explained by any differences in VO2max, maximal ventilation, or submaximal running economy. Superior distance running performance of the black athletes was not due to a greater (+/- 50%) percentage of type I fibers but was associated with lower blood lactate concentrations during exercise. Time to fatigue during repetitive isometric muscle contractions was also longer in black runners (169 +/- 65 vs. 97 +/- 69 s; P < 0.05), but whether this observation explains the superior endurance or was due to the lower peak muscle strength (46.3 +/- 10.3 vs. 67.5 +/- 18.0 Nm/l lean thigh volume; P < 0.01) remains to be established.


2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Paula Wesołowska

Physical activity is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle, regardless of an individual human’s stage of life. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between long-distance running and body image,as well as quality of life amongmiddle-aged Polish men practicing long distance-running. Furthermore, the study was aimed at comparing their group in terms of the above variables with the group of men not undertaking physical activity. The study was conducted in 2018 among 220 men. The research tool consisted of: an original personal survey, the Body Scale Image and the Shortened Version of the WHOQOL-BREF (The World Health Organization Quality of Life) Survey. It has been shown that practicing physical activity aff ects the perception of one’s body among men in the middle of adulthood, while its impact on the sense of quality of life has not been confi rmed. It has been proven that men who practice long-distance running diff er signifi cantly in the perception of their own body from men not performing any physical activity.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Maćkała ◽  
Dariusz Mroczek ◽  
Paweł Chmura ◽  
Marek Konefał ◽  
Damian Pawlik ◽  
...  

Abstract The aim of this research is to evaluate marathon performance and asses the influence of this long-distance running endurance exercise on the changes of muscle stiffness in recreational runners aged 50 + years. Thirty-one male long-distance runners aged 50–73 years participated in the experiment. The muscle stiffness of quadriceps and calves was measured in two independent sessions: the day before the marathon and 30 min after the completed marathon run using a Myoton device. The 42.195-km run was completed in 4.30,05 h ± 35.12 min, which indicates an intensity of 79.3% ± 7.1% of HRmax. The long-term, low-intensity running exercise (marathon) in older recreational runners, along with the low level of HRmax and VO2max showed no statistically significant changes in muscle stiffness (quadriceps and calves). There was reduced muscle stiffness, but only in the triceps of the calf in the dominant (left) leg. Moreover, in order to optimally evaluate the marathon and adequately prepare for the performance training programme, we need to consider the direct and indirect analyses of the running economy, running technique, and HRmax and VO2max and DOMS variables. These variables significantly affect the marathon exercise.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-151
Author(s):  
Cyril Thomas

FR. Les médias se font régulièrement l’échos des exploits, sinon des dérives, des athlètes kényan·e·s qui dominent les épreuves de course de fond les plus prestigieuses à travers le monde. Désormais coutumière de cette hégémonie, la presse sportive française commence à l’interroger dès les années 1960, tandis que l’athlétisme est-africain s’affirme au plus haut niveau international, manifestant sa volonté de comprendre et d’expliquer le « phénomène kényan ». L’objet de cet article est de montrer que l’éclosion au plus haut niveau international de l’athlétisme kényan dans la période post-coloniale est appréhendée par les journalistes français selon une rhétorique s’insérant dans un processus postcolonial. S’inscrivant dans le champ des postcolonial studies, cette étude vise à identifier et expliquer les transformations des modalités discursives selon lesquelles les journalistes français couvrent les succès kényans. Bien que le Kenya soit une ancienne colonie britannique, les textes étudiés reflétent la domination culturelle caractéristique de la période coloniale que les journalistes opposent à la domination sportive des athlètes kényan·e·s. Trois revues spécialisées dans l’athlétisme paraissant dans les années 1960, choisies tant par leur réputation que par l’éclectisme de leurs lignes éditoriales, sont analysées : l’Athlétisme, organe de presse officiel de la Fédération française d’athlétisme, Le Miroir de l’athlétisme, revue déclinée du journal Miroir sprint, proche du parti communiste français, et l’Équipe athlétisme magazine, associée au journal l’Équipe. Portant sur l’ensemble du discours, tant son contenu que ses stratégies énonciatives, l’analyse effectuée met en avant le recours par les journalistes français aux modèles rhétoriques utilisés par leurs homologues britanniques à la fin de la période coloniale. Identifiés par John Bale, ces modèles rhétoriques (la surveillance, l’appropriation, la négation et l’idéalisation) s’affirment progressivement à travers quatre étapes chronologiques de 1960 à 2000. La France n’ayant jamais colonisé le Kenya, cette démarche propose donc d’élargir la question postcoloniale aux interactions culturelles entre des pays dépourvus de liens coloniaux. *** EN. Media regularly report on the high performances, as well as the missteps, of Kenyan athletes occupying top places in the most prestigious international long-distance running competitions. If the French sports press has become accustomed to this podium hegemony, a desire to understand and explain the “Kenyan phenomenon” arose in the 1960’s, when East African athletics was gradually asserting itself at the highest levels of competition. The article aims to demonstrate that the narrative developed by French journalists on Kenyan athletics in the decades following African independences is part of rhetorical processes intertwined with postcolonial mechanisms. Embedded in the field of postcolonial studies, the research aims to identify and explain the evolution of discursive modalities used by French journalists to cover Kenyan sporting successes. Despite Kenya being a former British colony, specific characteristics appear in the analyzed text corpus and highlight how French journalists perpetuate cultural domination mechanisms, which sit in contrast with the sporting preeminence of Kenyan athletes. Three magazines published in the 1960s and specialized in the field of athletics were selected for the research, based on their reputation and the eclecticism of their editorial lines: L'Athlétisme, published by the French Athletics Federation ; Le Miroir de l'athlétisme, a magazine based on the Miroir sprint, known to be close to the French Communist Party ; and l'Équipe athlétisme magazine, a spin-off edition from the newspaper l'Équipe. The analysis of the discourse, from both content and enunciative strategies perspectives, highlights how French journalists resort to rhetorical models used by their British counterparts during the same period. Identified by John Bale, the models include surveillance, appropriation, negation and idealization, and appear chronologically in the press in four stages, from 1960 to 2000. Since Kenya was never under French colonial rule, the article suggests to broaden the postcolonial discussion to cultural interactions between countries without colonial ties. *** PT. Os meios de comunicação informam regularmente sobre as façanhas, senão os desvios, dos atletas quenianos que dominam os eventos de corrida de longa distância de maior prestígio em todo o mundo. Já habituada a esta hegemonia, a imprensa desportiva francesa passou a questioná-la nos anos 1960, enquanto o atletismo da África Oriental se afirmava ao mais alto nível internacional, demonstrando o seu desejo de compreender e explicar o “fenômeno queniano”. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar que a emergência do atletismo queniano no mais alto nível internacional no período pós-colonial é entendida pelos jornalistas franceses como uma parte retórica de um processo pós-colonial. Inserido no campo dos estudos pós-coloniais, este estudo visa identificar e explicar as transformações das modalidades discursivas segundo as quais os jornalistas franceses cobrem os sucessos quenianos. Embora o Quênia seja uma ex-colônia britânica, os textos estudados refletem a dominação cultural característica do período colonial que os jornalistas opõem à dominação esportiva dos atletas quenianos. Três revistas especializadas em atletismo surgidas na década de 1960, escolhidas tanto por sua reputação quanto pelo ecletismo de suas linhas editoriais, são analisadas: Athletics, órgão oficial de imprensa da Federação Francesa de Atletismo, Le Miroir de athletics, resenha da revista Miroir sprint, próxima ao Partido Comunista Francês, e a revista de atletismo Équipe, associada ao jornal L'Équipe. Abrangendo todo o discurso, tanto o seu conteúdo como as suas estratégias enunciativas, a análise realizada destaca a utilização pelos jornalistas franceses dos modelos retóricos utilizados pelos seus congêneres britânicos no final do período colonial. Identificados por John Bale, esses modelos retóricos (vigilância, apropriação, negação e idealização) afirmam-se gradativamente por meio de quatro estágios cronológicos de 1960 a 2000. Como a França nunca colonizou o Quênia, esta abordagem propõe, portanto, estender a questão pós-colonial às interações culturais entre países desprovidos de laços coloniais. ***


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUNPENG ZHAO ◽  
LIAOKUN YE ◽  
CHAOHU HE

Abstract. BMI is an important index used to evaluate human health status and degree of obesity in the world. The body mass index of middle school students affects the future national health level of our country. With the progress of the country and society, the health of the youth is the “health” of the motherland. In this paper, by sampling the physical index data of some urban and rural middle schools in Yunnan Province, the influence degree of BMI value on middle and long-distance running performance was analyzed by using relevant mathematical statistical methods. According to the data analysis, the influence coefficient is obtained. The BMI value is in the healthy range, and the middle and long distance running performance will be better accordingly. Obese and thin students do worse in middle and long distance running.


Author(s):  
Gema Barrientos ◽  
Javier Alves ◽  
Víctor Toro ◽  
María Concepción Robles ◽  
Diego Muñoz ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to determine the possible correlations between essential and toxic trace elements of plasma with several anthropometric and body composition parameters and performance in endurance runners. Sixty-five high-level middle and long-distance runners (21  ±  3 years; 1.77 ± 0.05 m; 64.97 ± 7.36 kg; VO2 max. 67.55 ± 4.11 mL/min/kg) participated in the present study. Abdominal, subscapular, iliac crest, triceps, front thigh and medial calf skinfold thicknesses and an incremental test until exhaustion were recorded. Body, fat, muscle and bone mass were estimated. Plasma trace elements were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Correlations and simple linear regression were used to assess the relationship between trace elements and several variables. Different skinfolds, fat mass, muscle mass and bone mass correlated positively and negatively with trace elements such as copper, manganese, selenium, vanadium, zinc, lithium, rubidium, strontium, arsenic, beryllium and lead. Lithium was related with performance. In conclusion, endurance training causes changes in the body concentrations of several trace elements that trigger modifications in body composition that may be interesting, if confirmed in the future, for the control of metabolic diseases such as obesity.


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