The history, biology, and taxonomy of the Cytophaga group

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1599-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope J. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Cell ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The first section of this review covers the important characteristics of the genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga. The topics discussed include vegetative cell structure, the spreading habit, and degradation of macromolecules.A historical account of these two genera follows, together with a discussion on the definition of, and species differentiation within the genus Cytophaga, and on the taxonomy of Sporocytophaga.The third section deals with the relationships of the cytophagas with the flavobacteria and includes a brief history of Flavobacterium, reassignation of some species to Cytophaga, differentiation from Cytophaga, and a discussion on the definition of the genus Flavobacterinm.This is followed by a section dealing with the relationship of Cytophaga with the flexibacteria, starting with an introduction to the diversity of flexing organisms and taxonomic developments, and proceeding with the differentiation within the family Cytophagaceae, and species differentiation in Flexibacter.The concluding section includes a proposed redefinition of Cytophaga, a proposal regarding species conservation in this genus, and discussions on the relationship between the cytophagas and the myxobacteria and on the significance of cytophagas in the environment.The characteristics of all described species of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, and relevant flavobacteria are tabulated and a bibliography is presented.

Parody—Nature and Definition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Sabine Jacques
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides an overview of the nature and definition of parody in the context of copyright law. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has introduced two requirements that must be satisfied before a work may be considered a ‘parody’: firstly, it must ‘evoke an existing work while being noticeably different from it’, and secondly, it must ‘constitute an expression of humour or mockery’. The chapter first traces the origin and history of parody in the arts, including music, before discussing the relationship of parody with concepts such as satire, caricature, and pastiche. It then examines why a parody exception has been considered necessary in copyright law. The chapter goes on to analyse the legal evolution of parody in France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, showing that the existing international human rights framework may influence the definition of parody in intellectual property law.

Influence of tobacco Smoking on obstetric history of women during pregnancy

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
A. Dzyubaylo ◽  
V. Lotkov
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Outpatient Clinics ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detection Of Smoking ◽  
Active Detection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents the results of the relationship of Smoking in women with a history of obstetric (OAA). The study is based on the results of a survey of 107 smokers and 136 non-Smoking women observed in the antenatal clinic for pregnancy. The study found an increase in the number of miscarriages and abortions in Smoking women compared to non-smokers. Detection of Smoking women of fertile age when attached to outpatient clinics, active detection of Smoking pregnant women, as well as Smoking relatives in the family, carrying out measures to reduce Smoking significantly reduce the likelihood of having children with chronic pathology.

scholarly journals Development in the Context of Genesis and References to Origin. Rereading L.S. Vygotsky

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
D.M. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It seems axiomatic that personality development involves the development of intellectual and other abili¬ties. However, if we speak about emotional development, its necessity cannot be supported theoretically since no object of emotions is involved or any of their specific forms (for instance, it is not common to consider "the development of emotional abilities"). Thus, "emotional development" is deprived of any ontological support as well as of criteria, tools etc. Critique of widespread theoretical concepts, in particular, those of psychoanalysis and cultural-historical theory, and reconstruction of phylogenesis enabled the author to propose a more pre¬cise definition of the content of "emotional sphere". "The history of childhood" is reviewed through the per¬spective of fundamental metamorphoses including childhood as a one-off rite of passage; the prototype of child¬hood as a period of animation; the modern notion of childhood (formed during the Enlightenment era) with its supremacy of play and intellectual development. For the first time the paper explores the inner metamorphoses of motivations and conditions required for their initiation. The core opposition between nature and culture that underpins the history of pedagogical thought is interpreted in the light of "two natures": one referring to the unprecedented, determined by coherent spontaneous reactions, and the other based on knowledge and algorithmic reactions, the two developing simultaneously and becoming effective only through their intercon¬nection. The relationship of these two natures (conceptualized by L.S. Vygotsky as the relationship between thought and affect) is projected into the area of fundamental approximations of world perception.

The Cambridge History of Capitalism

Capitalisms ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 128-151
Author(s):  
David Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of capitalism has always been subject to multiple meanings. The definition adopted in The Cambridge History of Capitalism is particularly broad. It makes ‘capitalism’ difficult to distinguish from sustained economic growth and/or progress towards modern economic growth. It also obscures the relationship of labour to capital and promotes the national economy as the natural arena in which discrete histories of capitalism should be written. However, in the case of India, there are other angles to consider. If labour were given a central role in the definition of ‘capitalism’, a very different set of issues becomes apparent. Moreover, if capitalism were understood, from the first, as a transnational set of forces, India’s supposed marginality in its genesis becomes illusory. India played a key strategic role in the evolution of the global capitalist system enmeshed in the British Empire. This essay explores these other sides of capitalism’s history in India.

Provincial Life with Animals

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Color ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Village Life ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship of peasants and villagers with their animals in the premodern era is a missing chapter in the history of human-animal relations. Works on peasant culture ignore animals, and works on animals neglect their place in rural lives. This article, based on the depiction of premodern peasant and village life in hundreds of local-color novels and stories of the early nineteenth century, begins to fill in this gap in animal studies scholarship. It reveals that many of the defining boundaries between humans and animals introduced in the ideologies of modernity are fuzzy, fluid, or indeed nonexistent in premodernity, where animals are seen as subjects, companions, and, often, parts of the family.

scholarly journals « Histoire d'une Fenêtre ». Le Corbusier y la construcción de la mirada

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo M. Meri de la Maza ◽  
Alfonso Díaz Segura ◽  
Bartolomé Serra Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Visual Impact ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Resumen: El artículo presenta un estudio de la relación de Le Corbusier con un mecanismo constructivo y de lenguaje arquitectónico fundamental en su obra como es la ventana. Durante ese recorrido se estudian diferentes aspectos que afectan a la definición de la ventana y su relación con la arquitectura que la contiene; en especial centrados en la idea de continuidad espacial y en la disolución conceptual y física de los límites del espacio. Para ello se cruzan enfoques que van desde lo puramente conceptual hasta las relaciones que se establecen entre las soluciones constructivas y sus repercusiones visuales sobre el objeto arquitectónico. Esta breve historia de la ventana en Le Corbusier está centrada en su obra doméstica a través de una secuencia cronológica que permite tener un panorama de la evolución de este elemento en su trayectoria. Podemos ver cómo se produce la transición desde la fenêtre en longueur hasta el pan de verre aménagé, pasando por numerosas aspiraciones, configuraciones y variaciones sobre el propio tema de la mirada y el mecanismo constructivo-visual que la define. Abstract: The article presents a study of the relationship of Le Corbusier with very a important constructive architectural mechanism in his work as the window is. During that route we study different issues affecting the definition of the window and its relationship to the architecture that contains it; in particular focusing on the idea of spatial continuity and the conceptual and physical dissolution of the limits of space. For that purpose we take different approaches ranging from the purely conceptual to the relationships established between the constructive solutions and their visual impact on the architectural object. This brief history of the Window at Le Corbusier is focused on his domestic work through a chronological sequence that allows an overview of the evolution of the element in his work. We can see how the transition occurs from the fenêtre en longueur to the pan de verre aménagé, through numerous aspirations, configurations and variations on the gaze theme and the constructive mechanism that defines it.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; Fenêtre; mecanismos constructivos; mirada; ventana. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Fenêtre; constructive mechanisms; gaze; window. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.638

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE HETEROCHEYLIDAE TRÄGÅRDH (ACARI: ACARIFORMES: PROSTIGMATA)

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 887-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evert E. Lindquist ◽  
John B. Kethley
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Position ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe history of placement of the Heterocheylidae Trägårdh, 1950, is reviewed. The family does not belong in either the Anystoidea or the Cheyletoidea, and instead is placed in its own superfamily, Heterocheyloidea Trägårdh new status, which in turn is transferred to a position beside the cohort Tarsonemina in the supercohort Heterostigmata. The placement of Heterocheylidae in the Heterostigmata is based upon the presence of paired stigmatic openings on the anterolateral margin of the dorsum of the propodosoma, the subcapsular form of the gnathosoma, the structure of the palpi, the sequence of dorsal setae and tergites of the hysterosoma, and other characters. Diagnoses for the Heterostigmata and the Heterocheyloidea are given. The relationship of the Heterocheyloidea to the Tarsonemina is discussed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Meat without Animals: Outcast Objects and the Improvement of London

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Geier
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Covers the long history of the Smithfield animal market and legal reform in London. Shows the relationship of civic improvement tropes, including animal rights, to animal erasure in the form of new foodstuffs from distant meat production sites. The reduction of lives to commodities also informed public abasement of the butchers.

From Competition to Cooperation: A History of Canada–US National Park Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Young ◽  
Alan MacEachern ◽  
Lary Dilsaver
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

This essay explores the evolving international relationship of the two national park agencies that in 1968 began to offer joint training classes for protected-area managers from around the world. Within the British settler societies that dominated nineteenth century park-making, the United States’ National Park Service (NPS) and Canada’s National Parks Branch were the most closely linked and most frequently cooperative. Contrary to campfire myths and nationalist narratives, however, the relationship was not a one-way flow of information and motivation from the US to Canada. Indeed, the latter boasted a park bureaucracy before the NPS was established. The relationship of the two nations’ park leaders in the half century leading up to 1968 demonstrates the complexity of defining the influences on park management and its diffusion from one country to another.

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