scholarly journals « Histoire d'une Fenêtre ». Le Corbusier y la construcción de la mirada

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo M. Meri de la Maza ◽  
Alfonso Díaz Segura ◽  
Bartolomé Serra Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Spatial Continuity ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Visual Impact ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Resumen: El artículo presenta un estudio de la relación de Le Corbusier con un mecanismo constructivo y de lenguaje arquitectónico fundamental en su obra como es la ventana. Durante ese recorrido se estudian diferentes aspectos que afectan a la definición de la ventana y su relación con la arquitectura que la contiene; en especial centrados en la idea de continuidad espacial y en la disolución conceptual y física de los límites del espacio. Para ello se cruzan enfoques que van desde lo puramente conceptual hasta las relaciones que se establecen entre las soluciones constructivas y sus repercusiones visuales sobre el objeto arquitectónico. Esta breve historia de la ventana en Le Corbusier está centrada en su obra doméstica a través de una secuencia cronológica que permite tener un panorama de la evolución de este elemento en su trayectoria. Podemos ver cómo se produce la transición desde la fenêtre en longueur hasta el pan de verre aménagé, pasando por numerosas aspiraciones, configuraciones y variaciones sobre el propio tema de la mirada y el mecanismo constructivo-visual que la define. Abstract: The article presents a study of the relationship of Le Corbusier with very a important constructive architectural mechanism in his work as the window is. During that route we study different issues affecting the definition of the window and its relationship to the architecture that contains it; in particular focusing on the idea of spatial continuity and the conceptual and physical dissolution of the limits of space. For that purpose we take different approaches ranging from the purely conceptual to the relationships established between the constructive solutions and their visual impact on the architectural object. This brief history of the Window at Le Corbusier is focused on his domestic work through a chronological sequence that allows an overview of the evolution of the element in his work. We can see how the transition occurs from the fenêtre en longueur to the pan de verre aménagé, through numerous aspirations, configurations and variations on the gaze theme and the constructive mechanism that defines it.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; Fenêtre; mecanismos constructivos; mirada; ventana. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Fenêtre; constructive mechanisms; gaze; window. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.638

scholarly journals Diagrama y Arquitectura. La Sintaxis Espacial en el Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Alejandro Saldarriaga
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Literary Images ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Resumen: El proceso de diseño para el CCVA comienza con dos frases que escribe Le Corbusier durante su primera visita al sitio en 1959. Sólo cinco meses después hace los primeros dibujos. De ahí la relación de este edificio con la sintaxis, si ésta se entiende como la búsqueda del orden y de la relación de los espacios. La sintaxis se observa aquí desde las primeras imágenes literarias hasta el nivel de definición de la forma, en el que se usan maquetas esquemáticas y desarmables, así como recortes de las áreas requeridas por el programa, con los que se experimenta de diversas maneras en un plano del sitio. Además de su interés persistente por diversos tipos de circulación, esta metodología emparenta al edificio con algunos proyectos de Le Corbusier donde también hace uso de los diagramas funcionales, o "diagrammes à bulles", como él los llama. El mismo tipo de diagrama fue usado más tarde por Bill Hillier en un método para analizar la arquitectura que llamó la "sintaxis espacial". Este método, además de analizar el orden y la relación de los espacios, permite entender su permeabilidad con el espacio público. Al ser un edificio atravesado por una ruta pública, y al iniciarse con imágenes literarias, se hace pertinente verlo a través de su sintaxis espacial. Abstract: The design process for the CCVA begins with two phrases that Le Corbusier writes during his first visit to the site in 1959. Only five months later the first drawings appear. Hence the relationship of the building with the syntax, if this is understood as the search for the order and the relationships in space. The syntax is observed here from the first literary images up to the definition of the form, in which schematic architectural models are used, but also cut-out areas required by the program, which are disposed in different ways on a site plan. In addition to his persistent interest in various types of movement, this methodology can also be seen in other projects where Le Corbusier also makes use of functional diagrams, or as he calls them: "diagrammes à bulles ". The same kind of diagram was used later by Bill Hillier in a method for analyzing architecture that he called the "space syntax". This method, in addition to analyzing the order and the relationship of spaces, can help to understand their permeability with respect to public space. As a building crossed by a public path, and as design process that starts with literary images, it becomes relevant to see it through its spatial syntax.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; diagrama, sintaxis espacial; espacio público; métodos de creación. Keywords: Le Corbusier; diagram, space syntax; public space; creation methods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.888

Parody—Nature and Definition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Sabine Jacques
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides an overview of the nature and definition of parody in the context of copyright law. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has introduced two requirements that must be satisfied before a work may be considered a ‘parody’: firstly, it must ‘evoke an existing work while being noticeably different from it’, and secondly, it must ‘constitute an expression of humour or mockery’. The chapter first traces the origin and history of parody in the arts, including music, before discussing the relationship of parody with concepts such as satire, caricature, and pastiche. It then examines why a parody exception has been considered necessary in copyright law. The chapter goes on to analyse the legal evolution of parody in France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, showing that the existing international human rights framework may influence the definition of parody in intellectual property law.

The history, biology, and taxonomy of the Cytophaga group

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1599-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope J. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Cell ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The first section of this review covers the important characteristics of the genera Cytophaga and Sporocytophaga. The topics discussed include vegetative cell structure, the spreading habit, and degradation of macromolecules.A historical account of these two genera follows, together with a discussion on the definition of, and species differentiation within the genus Cytophaga, and on the taxonomy of Sporocytophaga.The third section deals with the relationships of the cytophagas with the flavobacteria and includes a brief history of Flavobacterium, reassignation of some species to Cytophaga, differentiation from Cytophaga, and a discussion on the definition of the genus Flavobacterinm.This is followed by a section dealing with the relationship of Cytophaga with the flexibacteria, starting with an introduction to the diversity of flexing organisms and taxonomic developments, and proceeding with the differentiation within the family Cytophagaceae, and species differentiation in Flexibacter.The concluding section includes a proposed redefinition of Cytophaga, a proposal regarding species conservation in this genus, and discussions on the relationship between the cytophagas and the myxobacteria and on the significance of cytophagas in the environment.The characteristics of all described species of Cytophaga, Flexibacter, and relevant flavobacteria are tabulated and a bibliography is presented.

scholarly journals Development in the Context of Genesis and References to Origin. Rereading L.S. Vygotsky

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
D.M. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It seems axiomatic that personality development involves the development of intellectual and other abili¬ties. However, if we speak about emotional development, its necessity cannot be supported theoretically since no object of emotions is involved or any of their specific forms (for instance, it is not common to consider "the development of emotional abilities"). Thus, "emotional development" is deprived of any ontological support as well as of criteria, tools etc. Critique of widespread theoretical concepts, in particular, those of psychoanalysis and cultural-historical theory, and reconstruction of phylogenesis enabled the author to propose a more pre¬cise definition of the content of "emotional sphere". "The history of childhood" is reviewed through the per¬spective of fundamental metamorphoses including childhood as a one-off rite of passage; the prototype of child¬hood as a period of animation; the modern notion of childhood (formed during the Enlightenment era) with its supremacy of play and intellectual development. For the first time the paper explores the inner metamorphoses of motivations and conditions required for their initiation. The core opposition between nature and culture that underpins the history of pedagogical thought is interpreted in the light of "two natures": one referring to the unprecedented, determined by coherent spontaneous reactions, and the other based on knowledge and algorithmic reactions, the two developing simultaneously and becoming effective only through their intercon¬nection. The relationship of these two natures (conceptualized by L.S. Vygotsky as the relationship between thought and affect) is projected into the area of fundamental approximations of world perception.

The Cambridge History of Capitalism

Capitalisms ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 128-151
Author(s):  
David Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of capitalism has always been subject to multiple meanings. The definition adopted in The Cambridge History of Capitalism is particularly broad. It makes ‘capitalism’ difficult to distinguish from sustained economic growth and/or progress towards modern economic growth. It also obscures the relationship of labour to capital and promotes the national economy as the natural arena in which discrete histories of capitalism should be written. However, in the case of India, there are other angles to consider. If labour were given a central role in the definition of ‘capitalism’, a very different set of issues becomes apparent. Moreover, if capitalism were understood, from the first, as a transnational set of forces, India’s supposed marginality in its genesis becomes illusory. India played a key strategic role in the evolution of the global capitalist system enmeshed in the British Empire. This essay explores these other sides of capitalism’s history in India.

scholarly journals João Bosco: percurso histórico de sua práxis educativa e social

2018 ◽  
pp. 237-266
Author(s):  
Elisete Soave Vianna ◽  
Francisco Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Education History ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Social ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
System Today ◽  
Present Text

O presente texto se propõe a fazer uma análise da pessoa e figura de João Bosco com o objetivo de refletir sobre essa personalidade intrigante, que suscita tantos comentários, definições e histórias, mas que é, sem dúvida, o centro de toda a filosofia e práxis na comunidade salesiana. O que se propõe é ir além do santo “Dom Bosco”, como é denominado João Bosco nessa comunidade, e olhar para o cidadão de sua comunidade, para o religioso fervoroso, para o educador social, enfim, para essas facetas de João Bosco em seu tempo e local, em seu contexto. O texto faz uma apresentação histórica e reflete sobre a atuação do padre italiano no século XIX, desde sua infância humilde e pobre de camponês até sua dedicação no período de formação para ser padre. Apresenta sua atuação inicial com os meninos que vagavam pelas ruas e com aqueles que se encontravam nas prisões de Turim. O texto analisa também a relação do padre educador com a política e conclui com uma reflexão sobre o legado de João Bosco, isto é, a Educação Salesiana e o Sistema Preventivo hoje. Palavras-chave: Educação Salesiana. História da Educação Salesiana. João Bosco. João Bosco: historical path of his educational and social praxis AbstractThe present text proposes to make an analysis of the person and figure of John Bosco aiming to reflect on this intriguing personality, which gives rise to so many definitions, stories and commentaries, but who is undoubtedly the center of all philosophy and praxis in the Salesian community. What is proposed is to go beyond the holy “Don Bosco”, as John Bosco is called in that community, and look to the citizen of his community, to the fervent religious and to the social educator, that is, to these facets of John Bosco in his time and place, in his context. The text gives a historical presentation and reflects on the performance of the Italian priest in the nineteenth century; of his humble and poor childhood and of a peasant and his dedication in the period of formation to become a priest. The text also presents its initial performance together with the boys who wandered the streets and those who were in the prisons of Turin. It analyzes the relationship of the priest educator with politics and concludes with a reflection on the legacy of John Bosco, that is: Salesian Education and the preventive system today. Keyeords: Salesian Education. History of Salesian Education. John Bosco. Juan Bosco: recorrido histórico de su praxis educativa y social ResumenEl presente texto se propone hacer un análisis de la persona y figura de Juan Bosco con el objetivo de reflexionar sobre esa personalidad intrigante, que suscita tantas definiciones, historias, comentarios, pero que es sin duda el centro de toda filosofía y praxis en la comunidad salesiano. Lo que se propone es ir más allá del santo “Don Bosco”, como es llamado Juan Bosco en esa comunidad, y mirar al ciudadano de su comunidad, al religioso fervoroso, para el educador social, en fin, para esas facetas de Juan Bosco en su tiempo y lugar, en su contexto. El texto hace una presentación histórica y reflexiona sobre la actuación del sacerdote italiano en el siglo XIX; desde su infancia humilde y pobre, de un campesino y su dedicación en el período de formación para ser sacerdote. Presenta su actuación inicial junto a los niños que vagaban por las calles y las que se encontraban en las prisiones de Turín. El texto analiza, también, la relación del padre educador con la política y concluye con una reflexión sobre el legado de Juan Bosco, es decir: la educación salesiana y el sistema preventivo hoy. Palabras clave: Educación Salesiana. Historia de la Educación Salesiana. Juan Bosco.

scholarly journals Bruno Zevi on Le Corbusier: another way to an “organic architecture”

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Guido
Keyword(s):  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Frank Lloyd Wright ◽  
Critical Writing ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
Machu Picchu ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Architecture ◽  
Organic Architecture ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract: Bruno Zevi was an enthusiastic promoter of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture and theories. However, the critical enquiry and propaganda of the Italian architect and historian about so-called “organic architecture” reveals a major cultural debt to Le Corbusier. In 1945, Zevi published “Verso un’architettura organica” [Towards an organic architecture], the first version of his history of architecture. The title is clearly a polemical reference to Le Corbusier’s book “Vers une architecture” (1923). In 1977, together with other architects, Zevi promoted the Machu Picchu Charter, a document to “update” the Athens Charter (1933). The places held significance: Athens was the birthplace of western civilization and architectural rationalism. Machu Picchu symbolised the contribution of an alternative way of viewing the world. Are those merely examples of Zevi’s provocations? The relationship between Zevi and Le Corbusier is problematic and ambivalent. Zevi adopts the educational and communicative methods of Le Corbusier and his critical writing style, but his interpretation of the French-Swiss architect also demonstrates an attempt to delineate a new concept of “organic architecture”, related to his researches on a historiographic redefinition of the Modern Movement. Resumen: Bruno Zevi fue un entusiasta promotor de la arquitectura y las teorías de Frank Lloyd Wright. Sin embargo, la investigación crítica y la propaganda del arquitecto italiano e historiador sobre la llamada "arquitectura orgánica" revela una importante deuda cultural para Le Corbusier. En 1945, Zevi publicó "Verso un'architettura organica" [Hacia una arquitectura orgánica], la primera versión de su historia de la arquitectura. El título es claramente una referencia polémica al libro de Le Corbusier "Vers une architecture" (1923). En 1977, junto a otros arquitectos, Zevi promovió la Carta Machu Picchu, un documento para "actualizar" la Carta de Atenas (1933). Los lugares celebradas importancia: Atenas fue la cuna de la civilización occidental y el racionalismo arquitectónico. Machu Picchu simbolizaba la contribución de una forma alternativa de ver el mundo. Son esos meros ejemplos de las provocaciones de Zevi? La relación entre Zevi y Le Corbusier es problemática y bivalente. Zevi adopta los métodos educativos y comunicativos de Le Corbusier y su estilo crítico escrito, pero su interpretación del arquitecto franco-suizo también demuestra un intento de delinear un nuevo concepto de "arquitectura orgánica", en relación con sus investigaciones en una redefinición historiográfico de la Movimiento Moderno.  Keywords: Bruno Zevi; Le Corbusier’s legacy; modern language invariants; five points; organic architecture. Palabras clave: Bruno Zevi; El legado de Le Corbusier; invariantes de lenguas modernas; cinco puntos; arquitectura orgánica. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.760

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Meat without Animals: Outcast Objects and the Improvement of London

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Geier
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Covers the long history of the Smithfield animal market and legal reform in London. Shows the relationship of civic improvement tropes, including animal rights, to animal erasure in the form of new foodstuffs from distant meat production sites. The reduction of lives to commodities also informed public abasement of the butchers.

From Competition to Cooperation: A History of Canada–US National Park Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Young ◽  
Alan MacEachern ◽  
Lary Dilsaver
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

This essay explores the evolving international relationship of the two national park agencies that in 1968 began to offer joint training classes for protected-area managers from around the world. Within the British settler societies that dominated nineteenth century park-making, the United States’ National Park Service (NPS) and Canada’s National Parks Branch were the most closely linked and most frequently cooperative. Contrary to campfire myths and nationalist narratives, however, the relationship was not a one-way flow of information and motivation from the US to Canada. Indeed, the latter boasted a park bureaucracy before the NPS was established. The relationship of the two nations’ park leaders in the half century leading up to 1968 demonstrates the complexity of defining the influences on park management and its diffusion from one country to another.

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