The relationship between three potential pathogens and pollution indicator organisms in Nova Scotian coastal waters

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
R. S. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Nova Scotian

Fifteen stations, in two estuaries, along the Northumberland Strait of Nova Scotia were examined between June and September 1981 for a relationship between the concentrations of commonly monitored fecal indicator bacteria and the potential pathogens Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Increased densities of these three organisms were usually associated with high densities of indicator bacteria. Whereas C. albicans and P. aeruginosa occur in human fecal wastes, V. parahaemolyticus is indigenous to the marine environment and positively responds to elevated nutrient levels in sewage. There is also some evidence that these bacteria survive as long or longer in marine waters than the common indicator bacteria. While membrane-filtration techniques for the enumeration of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa proved satisfactory, a V. parahaemolyticus membrane-filtration method lacked specificity and was supplemented by a most-probable-number method. In marine recreational and shellfish waters, these three organisms could complement fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci as indicators of human fecal contamination.

scholarly journals Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Live Oysters: 2007 United States Market Survey

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 2754-2768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo DePaola ◽  
Jessica L. Jones ◽  
Jacquelina Woods ◽  
William Burkhardt ◽  
Kevin R. Calci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Two Samples

ABSTRACT Two samples of market oysters, primarily from retail establishments, were collected twice each month in each of nine states during 2007. Samples were shipped refrigerated overnight to five U.S. Food and Drug Administration laboratories on a rotating basis and analyzed by most probable number (MPN) for total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus numbers and for the presence of toxigenic V. cholerae, Salmonella spp., norovirus (NoV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV). Levels of indicator organisms, including fecal coliforms (MPN), Escherichia coli (MPN), male-specific bacteriophage, and aerobic plate counts, were also determined. V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels were distributed seasonally and geographically by harvest region and were similar to levels observed in a previous study conducted in 1998-1999. Levels of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus were typically several logs lower than total V. parahaemolyticus levels regardless of season or region. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus levels in the Gulf and Mid-Atlantic regions were about two logs greater than the levels observed in the Pacific and North Atlantic regions. Pathogens generally associated with fecal pollution were detected sporadically or not at all (toxigenic V. cholerae, 0%; Salmonella, 1.5%; NoV, 3.9%; HAV, 4.4%). While seasonal prevalences of NoV and HAV were generally greater in oysters harvested from December to March, the low detection frequency obscured any apparent seasonal effects. Overall, there was no relationship between the levels of indicator microorganisms and the presence of enteric viruses. These data provide a baseline that can be used to further validate risk assessment predictions, determine the effectiveness of new control measures, and compare the level of protection provided by the U.S. shellfish sanitation system to those in other countries.

scholarly journals Correlation between Quantitative PCR and Culture-Based Methods for Measuring Enterococcus spp. over Various Temporal Scales at Three California Marine Beaches

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1237-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reagan R. Converse ◽  
John F. Griffith ◽  
Rachel T. Noble ◽  
Richard A. Haugland ◽  
Kenneth C. Schiff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTSeveral studies have examined how fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) measurements compare between quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the culture methods it is intended to replace. Here, we extend those studies by examining the stability of that relationship within a beach, as affected by time of day and seasonal variations in source.Enterococcusspp. were quantified at three southern California beaches in the morning and afternoon using two qPCR assays, membrane filtration, and defined-substrate testing. While qPCR and culture-based measurements were consistently and significantly correlated, strength of the correlation varied both among and within beaches. Correlations were higher in the morning (0.45 < ρ < 0.74 [P< 0.002]) than in the afternoon (0.18 < ρ < 0.45 [P< 0.021]) and higher when the fecal contamination was concentrated (0.38 < ρ < 0.83 [P< 0.001]) than when it was diffuse (0.19 < ρ < 0.34 [P< 0.003]). The ratios of culture-based and qPCR results (CFU or most probable number [MPN] per calibrator cell equivalents [CCE]) also varied spatially and temporally. Ratios ranged between 0.04 and 0.85 CFU or MPN per CCE and were lowest at the beach affected by diffuse pollution. Patterns in the ratios over the course of the day were dissimilar across beaches, increasing with time at one beach and decreasing at another. The spatial and temporal variability we observed indicate that the empirical relationship between culture-based and qPCR results is not universal, even within a beach.

Effect of Stress and Resuscitation on Recovery of Indicator Bacteria from Foods Using Hydrophobic Grid-Membrane Filtration

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (14) ◽  
pp. 1326-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. BRODSKY ◽  
P. BOLESZCZUK ◽  
P. ENTIS
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organism ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Raw Poultry

The effects of stress and resuscitation on selective enumeration of coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci in mechanically deboned raw poultry meat and in dried foods were studied using a hydrophobic grid membrane filter (HGMF) technique. The effects of four different stresses, sublethal heating, freezing, acid pH and drying, were examined on 25 to 30 samples per indicator organism for each type of stress. Counts obtained with resuscitation were compared statistically to direct selective counts for each series of samples. Also, both the direct and resuscitative HGMF results were compared to a 5-tube most probable number method for coliforms and E. coli and to a spread plate method for the enterococci. The use of appropriate resuscitation procedures not only produced a significant increase in counts over the direct HGMF procedure, but also yielded HGMF results that were statistically equivalent to those obtained by conventional methods.

scholarly journals Comparison of Transcription-Mediated Amplification and Growth-Based Methods for the Quantitation of Enterococcus Bacteria in Environmental Waters

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 3319-3320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceri A. Morris ◽  
A. Denene Blackwood ◽  
Marek Kirs ◽  
Neil D. Buttigieg ◽  
Rhian R. Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Good Qualitative Agreement ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Probable Number

ABSTRACT An assay based on transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) technology was used to quantitate Enterococcus fecal indicator bacteria in environmental water samples. The results generated by this and two growth-based methods relative to the 104 most-probable-number or CFU-per-100-ml threshold show that the three methods are in good qualitative agreement when tested against a range of water samples taken from different locations. The results demonstrate sensitive and rapid detection (approximately 4 h from sample collection to result) and quantitation of Enterococcus bacteria compared to the results with the growth-based methods.

scholarly journals MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF BOREHOLES, SACHET AND BOTTLE WATER IN ANCHOR UNIVERSITY AND AYOBO COMMUNITY

2021 ◽  
pp. e287
Author(s):  
Hilda Emmanuel-Akerele ◽  
Peace Francis
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Borehole Water

The physicochemical and bacteriological quality of borehole, bottle and sachet water sold in Anchor University and within Ayobo community Lagos state, Nigeria was investigated Microbiological analysis was carried out using standard microbial procedure to ensure that the water is microbiologically safe. It was screened for the presence of coliforms and other pathogenic microorganisms. The total heterotrophic bacterial count for bottle, sachet and borehole water are 16.50-123.50 x 103CFU/ml, 65.00-73.00 x 103CFU/ml and 0.00-72.00 x 103CFU/ml respectively while the total heterotrophic fungal count for bottle, sachet and borehole water are 5.00-54.50 x 103CFU/ml, 11.00-27.50 x 103CFU/ml and 6.00-16.16.00 x 103CFU/ml respectively. Most probable number was determined using membrane filtration method and it ranged from 15MPN/100ml, 22MPN/100ml, and 27MPN/100 ml for bottle, sachet and borehole water respectively.  The mean total coliform per 100ml ranged from 22-30 x 103CFU/ml while fecal coliform ranged from 4-11 x 103CFU/ml. The isolated organisms were Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freudii, Salmonella paratyphi, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sulphureus and Penicillium corylophilum.  Most of the bacteria isolated showed multidrug resistance to Augmentin, Gentamycin, Pefloxacin, Tarivid, Streptomycin, Septrin, Chloramphenicol and Amoxacillin and showed susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin. The study therefore concludes that these water samples do not meet the WHO standards for potable water; hence they can be potential sources of waterborne diseases.

Enumeration of Indicator Organisms in Foods Using the Automated Hydrophobic Grid-Membrane Filter Technique

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. BRODSKY ◽  
P. ENTIS ◽  
A. N. SHARPE ◽  
G. A. JARVIS
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Optimal Recovery ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Stressed Cells ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Filtration Technique

The automated HGMF technique was compared against accepted traditional methodology for the recovery and enumeration of coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus from a variety of naturally and artificially contaminated foods. The overall ratios of recovery of the HGMF relative to conventional methods were 0.88 for coliforms, 0.80 for E. coli, 0.81 for enterococci and 0.80 for S. aureus. Our results suggest that the automated HGMF system is a viable alternative to conventional most-probable-number and spread plate techniques for the isolation and enumeration of foodborne microorganisms on selective media; however, consideration must be given to modifying procedures for the optimal recovery of stressed cells by this automated membrane filtration technique.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Poisson Regression To Evaluate the Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Coastal California Wetlands

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 3606-3613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer N. Hogan ◽  
Miles E. Daniels ◽  
Fred G. Watson ◽  
Patricia A. Conrad ◽  
Stori C. Oates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Agricultural Runoff ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Natural Wetlands ◽  
Wetland Types

ABSTRACTFecal pathogen contamination of watersheds worldwide is increasingly recognized, and natural wetlands may have an important role in mitigating fecal pathogen pollution flowing downstream. Given that waterborne protozoa, such asCryptosporidiumandGiardia, are transported within surface waters, this study evaluated associations between fecal protozoa and various wetland-specific and environmental risk factors. This study focused on three distinct coastal California wetlands: (i) a tidally influenced slough bordered by urban and agricultural areas, (ii) a seasonal wetland adjacent to a dairy, and (iii) a constructed wetland that receives agricultural runoff. Wetland type, seasonality, rainfall, and various water quality parameters were evaluated using longitudinal Poisson regression to model effects on concentrations of protozoa and indicator bacteria (Escherichia coliand total coliform). Among wetland types, the dairy wetland exhibited the highest protozoal and bacterial concentrations, and despite significant reductions in microbe concentrations, the wetland could still be seen to influence water quality in the downstream tidal wetland. Additionally, recent rainfall events were associated with higher protozoal and bacterial counts in wetland water samples across all wetland types. Notably, detection ofE. coliconcentrations greater than a 400 most probable number (MPN) per 100 ml was associated with higherCryptosporidiumoocyst andGiardiacyst concentrations. These findings show that natural wetlands draining agricultural and livestock operation runoff into human-utilized waterways should be considered potential sources of pathogens and that wetlands can be instrumental in reducing pathogen loads to downstream waters.

A Most Probable Number Method for the Enumeration of Legionella Bacteria in Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
R. Kfir ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

A new quantitative method for the enumeration of Legionella bacteria in water is described. Appropriate tenfold serial dilutions of water samples concentrated by membrane filtration are plated in triplicate on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. After incubation for 3 days representative smears from individual plates are tested for the presence of Legionella by direct fluorescent antibody staining. The number of positive plates in each dilution is used to calculate the Legionella count by means of conventional most probable number statistics. In comparative tests on a variety of water samples this method yielded significantly higher counts than previously used procedures.

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