Competitiveness of inoculant strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii in red clover using repeated inoculation and increased inoculum levels

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Mårtensson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Inoculant Strain ◽  
Matter Basis

The effects of inoculation of red clover with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains 285 and 7612 were studied. In greenhouse experiments repeated inoculations were made. Strain 285 occupied all nodules when included, and strain 7612 increased its nodule occupancy with repeated inoculation. In field studies, where native, ineffective red clover bacteria were present, increased levels of inoculum were added, which increased dry matter production and nitrogen content of the plants. Yields from plants inoculated with strain 7612 were higher but dependent on inoculum concentration. The number of early nodules occupied by inoculant bacteria increased with increasing inoculum concentrations of strain 7612 but not of strain 285. The inoculant strain occupancy of late nodules was unaffected by inoculum levels in both cases. Acetylene reduction and accumulation of 14C-labelled metabolites in nodules situated at different distances from the shoots and in nodules of different ages, including overwintering nodules, were studied. Nodule placement did not influence the biological activity of the nodules. Old nodules were less active on a dry matter basis, but since they are larger, they may have contributed to the nitrogen balance of the plants as much as young nodules. Overwintering the plants did not change this pattern. Key words: competition, inoculation, nodule life cycle, Rhizobium.

A comparison of silages made from red clover/grass, white clover/grass and high nitrogen grass swards for beef production

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
I. I. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Grass Sward

ABSTRACTSilage cut twice annually (June and August) from a tetraploid red clover/grass sward and three times annually (May, July and September) from a low nitrogen (N) and high N perennial ryegrass/white clover sward was fed in proportion to dry-matter yield from each cut, over a 10-week period, each winter for 3 years to castrated male cattle of initial live weight 401 kg in year 1 and 425 kg in years 2 and 3. The silages were supplemented with 0, 1, 2 and 3 kg concentrate per head daily.Total dry-matter yield from the red clover/grass sward was similar to that from the perennial ryegrass/white clover sward (high N grass) receiving 360 kg N per ha but the digestibility, particularly of first cut material was much lower. Dry-matter production of the low N grass/white clover sward was 0·73 of high N grass sward and produced silages of similar digestibility and fermentation.Dry-matter intakes by the cattle were higher on the legume-based silages in years when clover made a worthwhile contribution to total yield, but this did not significantly improve utilization or animal performance compared with high N grass silage. Mean daily carcass gain per head on red clover/grass silage was 0·41 kg which was significantly less than the 0·61 kg on white clover/grass silage and 0·59 on high N grass (P < 0·001). Carcass output from red clover/grass silage was 618 kg/ha and 629 kg/ha from white clover/grass, both of which were significantly less than the 863 kg/ha from the high N grass silage (P < 0·001). Dressing proportion was also significantly poorer in animals fed red clover/grass silage compared with the other silage types.

Effects of trifluralin, benomyl and metalaxyl on the incidence and severity of root disease in annual Medicago spp., and evaluation of cultivars for resistance to root rot

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Bretag ◽  
JF Kollmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Annual Medicago ◽  
Moderate Resistance

The herbicide trifluralin increased both the incidence and severity of root rot in four Medicago truncatula cultivars and reduced their dry matter production. In glasshouse studies with a naturally infested soil from Kaniva, medic root disease was controlled by soil incorporation of metalaxyl but not by soil treatment with benomyl. The known biological activity of metalaxyl suggests that the fungi responsible for the root rot were Peronosporales. The same fungicides failed to control medic root diseases in a field trial at Dooen in 1984. Medic cultivars varied in their susceptibility to root rot, some having moderate resistance, although none were immune. The susceptibility rankings established in glasshouse tests with naturally infested soil were supported by field observations. The results show that there is potential for control of medic root diseases by selecting resistant medic cultivars.

scholarly journals CASE STUDY INFORMATION REFLECTING FARMER USE OF PAWERA RED CLOVER IN NORTHERN NORTHLAND

1986 ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Ussher
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Very High

Low summer production in Northern Northland can be largely overcome by the use of 'Grasslands Pawera' red clover. Daily dry matter production of 100+ kg/ha/day over the penod late October to early March, have been recorded over two years. Yearly production of 22,OOOkg DM/ha in the first year, and 17,500 to 21,000 in the second year, have been recorded from pure stands of Pawera. This growth is of very high quality occurring at a tlmc when growth and quality of existing Rye or Kikuyu based pastures, are low. Potential problems from the use of Pawera are discussed. Keywords: Pawera red clover, quality, Northland, problems.

SEASONAL PATTERNS OF NITROGEN FIXATION AND DRY MATTER PRODUCTION BY CLOVERS GROWN IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. RICE
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
River Region ◽  
Gray Luvisol

Alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and red clover (T. pratense L.) were established in field plots on an Orthic Gray Luvisol (Hazelmere CL) and a Black Solod (Landry CL) in 3 consecutive yr, 1972, 1973 and 1974. Data were collected in the 2 yr following the year of establishment. The factors measured included seed and forage yield, dry matter production rate, potential nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction), soil temperature, air temperature, soil moisture and NH+4-N and NO−3-N content of the soil. Based on calculations using the theoretical C2H2:N2 ratio of 3:1, alsike clover annually fixed 20.8–143.0 kg N/ha, and red clover fixed 15.3–77.3 kg N/ha on the Orthic Gray Luvisol. Also, alsike clover fixed more N2 earlier in the growing season than red clover. The estimate of annual N2(C2H2) fixation by both clovers on the Black Solod was less than one half that on the Orthic Gray Luvisol. There was little difference between the N2(C2H2) fixation by clover crops harvested for forage and those used for seed production. However, the amount of N2(C2H2) fixed always equalled or exceeded the amount of nitrogen removed in the seed, but only occasionally exceeded the amount removed in the forage. Yield and N2(C2H2) fixation varied widely among years, suggesting considerable climatic influence. However, the measured climatic and soil factors were not consistently correlated with potential nitrogenase activity. The seasonal pattern of potential nitrogenase activity appeared to be influenced by the phenological development of the plant. Activity commenced early in May, increased to a maximum about mid-June (flower initiation), and then decreased and generally remained low for the remainder of the growing season. Significant deviations from the usual seasonal profile of potential nitrogenase activity occurred in years with periods of moisture stress or with above average precipitation and soil heat units.

Vernalization Requirements for Flowering of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Aegilops Cylindrica ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Growing Conditions

Jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host. ♯3 AEGCY) has a quantitative requirement for vernalization in order to flower. In greenhouse and field studies, increasing periods of vernalization progressively reduced the number of days needed for plants to mature following transfer from the cold treatment to favorable growing conditions. Plants that had been vernalized at 3 ± 2 C for 8 weeks as imbibed seed took 120 days to flower following transfer to the greenhouse. Unvernalized controls flowered 197 to 222 days after planting in the greenhouse. Lengthening periods of vernalization from 2 to 8 weeks increased the number of seedheads per plant and dry weight per seedhead. Vernalized plants partitioned more dry matter into seedheads than unvernalized controls. The ratio of seedhead dry weight to vegetative shoot dry weight increased with duration of vernalization, even though vernalization did not alter total shoot dry-matter production. In field studies, plants that were established in the fall flowered sooner and more synchronously after resumption of growth in the spring than those that were planted in the spring and flowered in the summer. Plants seeded after May failed to flower in the same summer.

scholarly journals HERBAGE PRODUCTION OF PASTURE LEGUMES AT THREE SITES IN OTAGO

1975 ◽  
pp. 182-195
Author(s):  
R.B. Allen ◽  
I.R. Mcdonald ◽  
N.A. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Matter Production

White clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (T. pratense), subtcrrnnean clover (T. subterraneum) and alsike clover (T. hybridum) were sown singly or in combinations at three sites in Otago. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was included in all clover treatments and was also sown alone. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) was sown alone at two sites. Herbage dry matter production was measured over a three-year period. At the high fertility lnvermay site, white and red clovers gave similar total and legume dry matter production and were markedly superior to alsike and subterranean clovers. White and nlsike clovers were most productive at the higher altitude, low fertility Berwick site, and at the dry, medium fertility Dunback site red clover produced the highest yields. Lucerne greatly outyielded all other species in the second and third years at Invermay and in the third year at Dunback.

Rhizobium population dynamics in the pea rhizosphere of rhizobial inoculant strain applied in different formulations

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 595-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell K Hynes ◽  
Desirée C Jans ◽  
Eric Bremer ◽  
Newton Z Lupwayi ◽  
Wendell A Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Resistant Mutant ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Inoculant Strain ◽  
Rhizosphere Population ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
Seed Yields

The effect of inoculant formulation on the population dynamics of rhizobia in the pea rhizosphere was investigated using a streptomycin-resistant mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae NITRAGIN128C56G (128C56G strR). The isolate was formulated into liquid, peat powder, and granular peat carriers, and was tested on pea at field sites near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Beaverlodge, Alberta, in 1996 and 1997. The liquid and peat powder formulations were applied to seed while the granular inoculant was applied to soil. In three out of four site years, population dynamics were similar among formulations: an initial decline or lag period lasting 2–5 days followed by an increase to approximately 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/seedling by 14–28 days after planting (DAP) and, where sampled, a continuing increase from 107 to 108 CFU/plant at 63 DAP. In these same site years, nodule number (not determined at Beaverlodge in 1997) and nodule occupancy at 60 days were not significantly different among formulations. In contrast, soil populations of 128C56G strR from the liquid formulation declined to near zero by 28 DAP at Beaverlodge in 1996, when soil moisture was excessive in spring because of high rainfall. Populations increased in this treatment after this time, but remained significantly lower than the populations of the other two formulations throughout the sampling period. Pea seed yields were not significantly different among treatments in either year at Beaverlodge, but were significantly higher with granular inoculant than the noninoculated control in Saskatoon. Within inoculated treatments at Saskatoon, there were no significant differences in grain yield.Key words: Rhizobium leguminosarum, rhizosphere, population dynamics.

scholarly journals PASTURE RENOVATION BY OVERDRILLING

1986 ◽  
pp. 159-163
Author(s):  
W.R. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Machinery ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Direct Drilling

The Agricultural Machinery Research Centre, Massey University, undertook pasture renovation with a prototype direct drill at several North Island sites. Banded herbicide application was found to provide an effective medium term (two years) means of introducing ryegrass and clover species into browntop dominant pastures being intensively grazed. Specialist pasture species were introduced into Northland dairy pastures by band spraying and direct drilling. Wana cocksfoot and Pawera red clover were slower to establish than Nui and Ellett ryegrass. All species contributed to greater herbage dry matter production of the sward than the control and appeared to be persisting competitively. Keywords: Direct drilling, overdrilling, band spraying, winged opener, inverted T slot, pasture renewal, pasture renovation, prototype direct drill, Northland, Taranaki, Manawatu, no-tillage.

Increased yield and persistence of several annual medic species and Medicago sativa by inoculation with selected strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. medicae

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Evans ◽  
J. G. Howieson ◽  
B. J. Nutt
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nodule Occupancy ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Annual Medics

A broad range of genotypes of Medicago sativa, and annual medics including M. polymorpha, M. tornata and M. littoralis were inoculated with strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti or S. medicae of differing effectiveness for symbiotic N2 fixation then sown at 4 field locations. Dry matter production over 2 seasons was strongly related to plant density, which in turn was related to symbiotic effectiveness. Eighteen months after sowing at Esperance, Western Australia, lucerne inoculated with strain WSM922 showed 79% higher plant density and 43% more production than control strain CC169. At Broomehill, no significant differences existed in dry matter production between lucerne cultivars inoculated with strains WSM922, WSM826 and U45. Across all lucerne genotypes, inoculation with WSM922 outyielded those inoculated with CC169 by 99%. At Jerramungup, the difference in yield between these 2 inoculant strains was 44%. Results were consistent with those previously obtained under controlled conditions and emphasised the necessity to remain aware of the symbiotic requirements of newly produced cultivars. An analysis of nodule occupancy at 1 site using PCR-RAPDs revealed the dominance of a particular rhizobial strain (WSM922) in uninoculated plots which had become colonised over 3 seasons. The necessity for separate inoculant species of Sinorhizobium in Australia to satisfy the symbiotic requirements of the acid and alkaline groups of medics was reaffirmed.

scholarly journals Absorption and nutrient concentration in apple (Pyrus mains L.)

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
P.E. Trani ◽  
H.P. Haag ◽  
J.R. Sarruge ◽  
A.R. Dechen ◽  
CB Catani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Dormant Stage ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Matter Basis

In order to obtain the following informations: a) dry matter production and extraction of nutrients by the fruits at different ages; b) dry matter production and extraction of nutrient by the leaves and "trunk + branches" collected at the flowering stage; c) dry matter production and export of nutrients by pruning (leaves and branches) at the begining dormant stage; A trial was conducted on Latossolo Vermelho Escuro Orto group (Orthox) at Buri, São Paulo State, Brazil. The material was collected from 'Ohio Beauty' and 'Brazil' apples grafted on 'Doucin' 1-2; 3-4; 4-5 and 6-7 years old. The main conclusions were as follows: a) differences were observed on dry matter production by two varieties at the different stages of growth; b) differences were also observed between the two varieties on the matter production in the leaves and "trunk + branches" at the flowering stage, as well as by the leaves and branches pruned at the begining of dormant stages; c) differences were observed betwen the two varieties concerning to nutrient concentration (on dry matter basis) on the fruits collected at different stages of growth. Same results were observed on leaves and "trunk + branches" collected at flowering period; d) differences were observed on the exportation of the nutrients referring to growth period of fruit; e) at the flowering and dormant period, differences were observed on the contents of nutrients in the leaves, 'trunk + branches', on the two varieties; f) the nutrient exportation by the fruits obyed the following order: K>N>P>S>Ca>Mg>Fe>B > Cu > Mn > Zn > Mo; g) the nutrient extration by the aerial part the apple trees obyed the following order: N > K > Ca > Mg > P > S > Fe > B > Cu = Mn = Zn.

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