METABOLISM IN VITRO OF TRITIATED ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1489-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Nishizawa ◽  
R. B. Billiar ◽  
J. Karr ◽  
Kristen B. Eik-Nes
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Serine Residue

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) labeled with tritium has been prepared with a specific radioactivity of approximately 4000 d.p.m./μg. The tritiated trophin showed biological activity and appeared to be bound to the cells of the adrenal gland. Data indicating that the adrenal cortex can inactivate ACTH were obtained; whether such inactivation is due to binding or enzymatic degradation has not been illustrated. Attempts to demonstrate that the adrenal gland could acetylate the N-terminal serine residue of ACTH failed.

AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX OF THE AFRICAN LUNGFISH (PROTOPTERUS SP.)

1965 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. JANSSENS ◽  
G. P. VINSON ◽  
I. CHESTER JONES ◽  
W. MOSLEY
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Adrenocortical Cells ◽  
Free Living ◽  
African Lungfish

SUMMARY Cells set about the renal tributaries of the post-cardinal veins of lungfish displayed staining properties similar to those generally characteristic of adrenocortical tissue in tetrapod vertebrates. Furthermore, the reactions of these cells in the lungfish, during aestivation and in the free-living forms, after injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol or hydroxylase inhibitor, metyrapone (Metopirone, Ciba), paralleled those occurring in the adrenal cortex of a variety of animals after equivalent treatment. Tissue, separated from the kidney so as to contain these cells, was capable of converting, in vitro, progesterone to corticosterone whilst control renal tissue had this capacity to only a negligible degree. On these grounds, it is suggested that these cells, in cord-like groups of three to ten, situated by the post-cardinal veins between renal and peri-renal tissue are true adrenocortical cells. The arrangement and nature of these cells are very similar to the adrenocortical tissue of amphibians, particularly adult urodeles and developmental stages of anurans. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible pattern of the evolution of the adrenal gland.

scholarly journals Localisation of the melanocortin-2-receptor and its accessory proteins in the developing and adult adrenal gland

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J Gorrigan ◽  
Leonardo Guasti ◽  
Peter King ◽  
Adrian J Clark ◽  
Li F Chan
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Accessory Protein ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Accessory Proteins ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Glucocorticoid Deficiency ◽  
Inactivating Mutations

The melanocortin-2-receptor (MC2R)/MC2R accessory protein (MRAP) complex is critical to the production of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Inactivating mutations in either MC2R or MRAP result in the clinical condition familial glucocorticoid deficiency. The localisation of MC2R together with MRAP within the adrenal gland has not previously been reported. Furthermore, MRAP2, a paralogue of MRAP, has been shown in vitro to have a similar function to MRAP, facilitating MC2R trafficking and responsiveness to ACTH. Despite similar MC2R accessory functions, in vivo, patients with inactivating mutations of MRAP fail to be rescued by a functioning MRAP2 gene, suggesting differences in adrenal expression, localisation and/or function between the two MRAPs. In this study on the rat adrenal gland, we demonstrate that while MRAP and MC2R are highly expressed in the zona fasciculata, MRAP2 is expressed throughout the adrenal cortex in low quantities. In the developing adrenal gland, both MRAP and MRAP2 are equally well expressed. The MC2R/MRAP2 complex requires much higher concentrations of ACTH to activate compared with the MC2R/MRAP complex. Interestingly, expression of MC2R and MRAP in the undifferentiated zone would support the notion that ACTH may play an important role in adrenal cell differentiation and maintenance.

Direct effect of hypothalamic neuropeptides on the release of catecholamines by adrenal medulla in sheep – study ex vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wrońska ◽  
B.F. Kania ◽  
M. Błachuta
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Noradrenaline Release ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Adrenal System ◽  
Adrenaline Release ◽  
Hormone Control

Abstract Stress causes the activation of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and sympatho-adrenal system, thus leading to the release from the adrenal medulla of catecholamines: adrenaline and, to a lesser degree, noradrenaline. It has been established that in addition to catecholamines, the adrenomedullary cells produce a variety of neuropeptides, including corticoliberine (CRH), vasopressin (AVP), oxytocin (OXY) and proopiomelanocortine (POMC) – a precursor of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The aim of this study was to investigate adrenal medulla activity in vitro depending, on a dose of CRH, AVP and OXY on adrenaline and noradrenaline release. Pieces of sheep adrenal medulla tissue (about 50 mg) were put on 24-well plates and were incubated in 1 mL of Eagle medium without hormone (control) or supplemented only once with CRH, AVP and OXY in three doses (10−7, 10−8 and 10−9 M) in a volume of 10 μL. The results showed that CRH stimulates adrenaline and noradrenaline release from the adrenal medulla tissue. The stimulating influence of AVP on adrenaline release was visible after the application of the two lower doses of this neuropeptide; however, AVP reduced noradrenaline release from the adrenal medulla tissue. A strong, inhibitory OXY effect on catecholamine release was observed, regardless of the dose of this hormone. Our results indicate the important role of OXY in the inhibition of adrenal gland activity and thus a better adaptation to stress on the adrenal gland level.

ON THE MECHANISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND RESPONSE TO ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS

1965 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Staehelin ◽  
P. Barthe ◽  
P. A. Desaulles
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Acid Output ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Corticosterone Secretion ◽  
Metabolic Block ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT The adrenal gland response to natural or synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone was studied at various periods after hypophysectomy. Adrenal ascorbic acid depletion was observed following the administration of ACTH at all intervals up to 10 days. In contrast, the capacity to respond to ACTH by an increase in corticosterone secretion was rapidly lost. Experiments with rat adrenal slices in vitro showed that the capacity to form corticosteroids following the addition of ACTH or 3′,5′-cyclic-AMP is rapidly lost after hypophysectomy, but that the adrenal slices are still capable of producing corticosterone if NADP and glucose-6-phosphate are added to the medium. It is concluded that the adrenal gland is still capable of responding to the action of ACTH for a considerable time after hypophysectomy, but that due to a metabolic block prior to the formation of NADPH, the adrenal is no longer capable of reacting by a further increase in corticosterone production. In addition, it was found that the effects of ACTH on blood flow and ascorbic acid output were parallel. Both effects were dose-dependent, but independent of any concomitant corticosterone secretion, and persisted during the whole period studied after hypophysectomy.

Thymopentin-Loaded pH-Sensitive Chitosan Nanoparticles for Oral Administration: Preparation, Characterization, and Pharmacodynamics

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 2936-2944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai-Ping Zheng ◽  
Jian-Cheng Wang ◽  
Wan-Liang Lu ◽  
Xuan Zhang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Encapsulation Efficiency ◽  
Chitosan Nanoparticles ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Oral Drug ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation Test

Thymopentin, a potent immunomodulating drug, was incorporated into pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionic gelation of chitosan with tripolyphosphate anions and then coated with Eudragit S100 to improve the stability and the oral bioavailability. Nanoparticles particle size and zeta potential were measured by photo correction spectroscopy and laser Dopper anemometry. Its morphology was examined by environment scan electron microscope. The encapsulation efficiency and the release in vitro were determined by HPLC. Enzymatic stabilization was expressed by the enzymatic degradation of aminopeptidase. Biological activity of TP5 loaded in nanoparticles was assayed by lymphocyte proliferation test in vitro and the immune function (CD4+/CD8+) of irradiated rat in vivo. The results obtained demonstrated that the average sizes of pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles were 175.6 ± 17 nm, the zeta potential was 28.44 ± 0.5 mV and the encapsulation efficiency was 76.70 ± 2.6%. The cumulative release percentages of thymopentin from the pH-sensitive nanoparticles were 24.65%, 41.01%, and 81.44% incubated in different medium, 0.1 N HCl, pH 5.0 PBS, and pH 7.4 PBS, respectively. The pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles could efficiently protect TP5 from enzymatic degradation and prolong the degradation half-time of TP5 from 1.5 min to 15 min. It was demonstrated from the lymphocyte proliferation test that the nanoparticle-encapsulated TP5 still kept its biological activity. In immunosuppression rats, the lowered T-lymphocyte subsets values were significantly increased and the raised CD4+/CD8+ ratio was evidently reduced. These results indicated that pH-sensitive chitosan nanoparticles may be used as the vector in oral drug delivery system for TP5.

VERGLEICHENDE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BIOGENESE VON STEROIDHORMONEN BEI DURCHSTRÖMUNG ÜBERLEBENDER NEBENNIEREN EINER PATIENTIN MIT CUSHING- UND EINER PATIENTIN MIT CONN-SYNDROM

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schriefers ◽  
J. M. Bayer ◽  
M. Pittel
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Conn’S Syndrome ◽  
Adrenal Cortical Adenoma ◽  
Aldosterone Production ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT In vitro perfusion experiments were carried out with adrenal glands surgically removed from a patient with Cushing's syndrome (hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex) and a patient with Conn's syndrome (adrenal cortical adenoma). From the perfusates the following steroids were extracted, estimated and identified: cortisol, corticosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, cortisone and aldosterone. The secretion capacities of the right Cushing adrenal and of the adrenal gland bearing the adenoma were compared with each other. In both adrenals cortisol was the main secretion product and the secretion rates of aldosterone were lowest and practically equal. The Cushing adrenal differed from the adrenal gland with the adenoma in its higher secretion rate of all investigated steroids except aldosterone, in its higher cortisol/aldosterone ratio and in its response to the administration of ACTH. To this stimulus the aldosterone production of the Cushing adrenal reacted in the same rate as the cortisol release. The adrenal gland with the adenoma of the patient with Conn's syndrome had only a relatively higher aldosterone secretion rate in respect to its lower cortisol production (lower cortisol/aldosterone ratio). The total preparation consisting of the adrenal with the adenoma responded neither to ACTH nor to hypertensin. The missing response of the adrenal cortex not including the tumor to ACTH is explained by the structural change in the sense of the so called regressive transformation (small zona fasciculata with relative large zona glomerulosa and reticularis) which was found in our case. Dehydroepiandrosterone was demonstrable in none of the perfusate extracts even under the condition where the left adrenal of the Cushing patient was perfused with added 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone.

A COMPARISON OF THE CONVERSION IN VITRO OF PREGNENOLONE SULPHATE AND PREGNENOLONE TO STEROID HORMONES BY TISSUE FROM A CLEAR CELL ADENOMA OF THE ADRENAL GLAND

1968 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. GRIFFITHS ◽  
D. CUNNINGHAM ◽  
E. H. D. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Cell Adenoma ◽  
Free Steroid

SUMMARY Tissue from a clear cell adenoma of the adrenal gland was incubated simultaneously with [7α-3H]pregnenolone sulphate and [4-14C]pregnenolone in Krebs—Ringer bicarbonate-glucose solution. Evidence was obtained for the conversion of pregnenolone sulphate to cortisol and corticosterone. The differences in the ability of the tissue to convert the sulphate and the free steroid to corticosteroids and androgens are discussed in relation to theories on the functional zonation of the human adrenal cortex.

The Sensitivity of the Fetal Rat Adrenal Gland to Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in vivo and in vitro

Neonatology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masako Yamamoto ◽  
Kazuyoshi Arishima ◽  
Yasunobu Eguchi
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Fetal Rat
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