THE GRAVITOKINETIC FIELD AND THE ORBIT OF MERCURY

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1147-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Force ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Null Results ◽  
Magnetic Components

A new Lorentz-invariant gravitational field theory is introduced according to which space–time is always flat. The gravitational field is of Maxwellian form with potential and kinetic components analogous to the electric and magnetic components of the electromagnetic field. New mathematical entities named scaled tensors are developed. While the electromagnetic force is represented by an unsealed tensor, the gravitational force is properly described by a scaled tensor. The precession of the orbit of the planet Mercury establishes the scale of the gravitational force as −5. Since the force on a body is found to be proportional to its total mass, the null results of Eötvös and Dicke are confirmed. However, the theory requires that the force depend on velocity so that new very small effects analogous to electromagnetic phenomena are predicted. In a following paper, "Photons in the Gravitational Field", the gravitational red shift and the gravitational deflection of a light ray are deduced correctly.

Born–Infeld solution for a point charge in D dimensions

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 484-487
Author(s):  
C. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Charged Particle ◽  
Point Charge ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Space Time

By considering the generalization to D space-time dimensions of the Born–Infeld Lagrangian we evaluate the electromagnetic field and gravitational field of a point charge and derive an expression for the total mass of a point charged particle in this theory.

scholarly journals Gauss' Theorem in a General Space-time

1935 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Ruse
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Line Element ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Closed Surface ◽  
General Space ◽  
Gauss Theorem ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Newtonian Constant

In classical mechanics Gauss' Theorem for a gravitational field states that, if S is a closed surface and N the component of gravitational force along the outward normal, thenwhere β is the Newtonian constant of gravitation and M is the total mass inside S. This result has recently been extended to general relativity by E. T. Whittaker,1 who, however, considered only the case of a statical gravitational field, the line-element of which is given by2where the coefficients U and αμν are independent of t. It is not immediately clear from his work whether the results are extensible to more general space-times.

scholarly journals The Curved Space-Time Paradox

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Field Theory ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Quantum Field ◽  
Curved Space ◽  
Time Continuum ◽  
Light Theory

The fundamental principle in General Relativity is to combine the inertia of mass and the relationship with the gravity force acting on this mass. In this article a new concept in General Relativity will be introduced. The concept of the “Paradox in a Curved Space-Time Continuum”. The “Paradox in a Curved Space-Time Continuum” has been based on the fundamental question: Does light follow a curved path within a gravitational field because a gravitational field causes a “Curved Space Time Continuum” or does a curved path of a beam of light generate a Gravitational Field. Differently formulated: Is Gravity a second order effect of a curved Electromagnetic field?To answer this question a new theory will be introduced. The “Quantum Light Theory” which is a specialization of “Quantum Field Theory”.Quantum Light Theory (QLT) is the new development in Quantum Field Theory (QFT). In Quantum Field Theory, the fundamental interaction fields are replacing the concept of elementary particles in Classical Quantum Mechanics. In Quantum Light Theory the fundamental interaction fields are being replaced by One Single Field. The Electromagnetic Field, generally well known as Light. In which gravity is the second order effect of the fundamental Electromagnetic Field. To realize this theoretical concept, the fundamental theory has to go back in time 300 years, the time of Isaac Newton to follow a different path in development. Nowadays experiments question more and more the fundamental concepts in Quantum Field Theory and Classical Quantum Mechanics. The publication “Operational Resource Theory of Imaginarity“ in “Physical Review Letters” in 2021 (Ref. [2]) presenting the first experimental evidence for the measurability of “Quantum Mechanical Imaginarity” directly leads to the fundamental question in this experiment: How is it possible to measure the imaginary part of “Quantum Physical Probability Waves”? This publication provides an unambiguously answer to this fundamental question in Physics, based on the fundamental “Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction” force densities. The “Quantum Light Theory” presents a new “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” describing Electromagnetic Field Configurations which are simultaneously the Mathematical Solutions for the Quantum Mechanical “Schrodinger Wave Equation” and more exactly the Mathematical Solutions for the “Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation”. The Mathematical Solutions for the “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” carry Mass, Electric Charge and Magnetic Spin at discrete values.

scholarly journals On Tubes of Force in a special class of electromagnetic fields

1922 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
G. S. Eastwood
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Electromagnetic Force ◽  
Special Class ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Meeting ◽  
The One

Professor Whittaker, in a paper entitled “On Tubes of Electromagnetic Force” {see Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. XLII., Part I. (No 1)}, introduces certain surfaces, which he names calamoids, in connection with an electromagnetic field in the four-dimensional world of space-time. The calamoids consist of “a convariant family of surfaces which when the field is purely electrostatic or purely magnetostatic reduce to the ordinary Faraday tubes of force.” Professor Whittaker, in the paper referred to, also introduces two sets of surfaces, each a covariant family of ∞2 surfaces, one of them named the electropotential surfaces, and the other family the magnetopotential surfaces of the electromagnetic field. The electropotential surfaces and the magnetopotential surfaces are shown to be everywhere absolutely orthogonal. (One member of each family meeting at a point, any line from this point in the one family is orthogonal to every line through the point in the other family). Moreover, a “calamoid, at every one of its points, is half-parallel and half-orthogonal to the electropotential surface which passes through the point, and is also half-parallel and half-orthogonal to the magnetopotential surface which passes through the point.”

Cartographic generalization of urban street networks based on gravitational field theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (20) ◽  
pp. 1450133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Liu ◽  
Yongshu Li ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Jiawei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Dual Graph ◽  
Global Structure ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Street Networks

The automatic generalization of urban street networks is a constant and important aspect of geographical information science. Previous studies show that the dual graph for street–street relationships more accurately reflects the overall morphological properties and importance of streets than do other methods. In this study, we construct a dual graph to represent street–street relationship and propose an approach to generalize street networks based on gravitational field theory. We retain the global structural properties and topological connectivity of an original street network and borrow from gravitational field theory to define the gravitational force between nodes. The concept of multi-order neighbors is introduced and the gravitational force is taken as the measure of the importance contribution between nodes. The importance of a node is defined as the result of the interaction between a given node and its multi-order neighbors. Degree distribution is used to evaluate the level of maintaining the global structure and topological characteristics of a street network and to illustrate the efficiency of the suggested method. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can be used in generalizing street networks and retaining their density characteristics, connectivity and global structure.

scholarly journals A generalisation of Weyl's theory of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields

1921 ◽  
Vol 99 (697) ◽  
pp. 104-122 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Riemannian Geometry ◽  
Electromagnetic Force ◽  
Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Non Euclidean Geometry ◽  
Artificial Restriction ◽  
Binding Forces

1. In the non-Euclidean geometry of Riemann, the metric is defined by certain quantities, g μν , which are identified by Einstein with the potentials of the gravitational field. H. Weyl has shown that, on removing a rather artificial restriction in Riemann’s geometry, the expression for the metric includes also terms which are identified with the four potentials of the electromagnetic field. I believe that Weyl’s geometry, far-reaching though it is, yet suffers from an unnecessary and harmful restriction; and it is the object of this paper to develop a still more general theory. In passing beyond Euclidean geometry, gravitation makes its appearance; in passing beyond Riemannian geometry, electromagnetic force appears; what remains to be gained by further generalisation? Clearly, the non-Maxwellian binding-forces which hold together an electron. But the problem of the electron must be difficult, and I cannot say whether the present generalisation succeeds in providing the materials for its solution. The present paper does not seek these unknown laws, but aims at consolidating the known laws. I hope to show that, in freeing Weyl’s geometry from its limitation, the whole scheme becomes simplified, and new light is thrown on the origin of the fundamental laws of physics.

scholarly journals On the potential of electromagnetic phenomena in a gravitational field

1928 ◽  
Vol 120 (784) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Electromagnetic Potential ◽  
Vector Potentials ◽  
Type Form ◽  
Action At A Distance ◽  
Galilean Space

In classical electromagnetic theory, the electromagnetic field due to any number of electrons moving in any manner is determined by a theorem which expresses the scalar and vector potentials of the field in terms of the positions and velocities of the electrons. The theorem may be stated thus: Denoting by t ¯ the instant at which radiation was emitted from an electron e so as to reach a point P ( x, y, z ), at the instant t , by ( x´ ¯ , y´ ¯ , z´ ¯ ) the co-ordinates of the electron at the instant t ¯ , by r ¯ the distance between the points ( x´ ¯ , y´ ¯ , z´ ¯ ) and ( x, y, z ) and by ( v x , v y , v z ) the components of velocity of the electron at the instant t ¯ , then the four-vector of the electromagnetic potential at P, due to the electron e , is ( Φ 0 , Φ 1 , Φ 2 , Φ 3 ) = ( e / s , - ev x / s , ev y / s , ev z / s ), (1) where s = r ¯ + {( x´ ¯ - x ) v x + ( y´ ¯ - y ) v y + ( z´ ¯ - z ) v z }/ c . The object of the present paper is to study the extension of this theorem to electromagnetic field which contain gravitating masses, so that the metric of space-time is no longer Galilean. It is obvious at the outset that there will be difficulty in making such an extension, because the quantities occurring in formula (1) cannot readily be generalised to non-Galilean space-time; the quantities r ¯ and s , in fact, belong essentially to action-at-a-distance theories, and therefore if a formula exists which expresses the electromagnetic potential in a gravitational field in terms of the electric charges and their motions, it must be altogether different in type form the formula (1) above.

Gravitation und bilokale Feldtheorie / Gravitation and Bilocal Field Theory

1975 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-644
Author(s):  
F. Vollendorf
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Dimensional Manifold ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dimensional Space Time ◽  
Bilocal Field ◽  
Ordered Pairs

Abstract Gravitation and Bilocal Field Theory The starting point is the conjecture that a field theory of elementary particles can be constructed only in a bilocal version. Thus the 4-dimensional space time has to be replaced by the 8-dimensional manifold of all ordered pairs of space time events. With special reference to the Schwarzschild metric it is shown that the embedding of the space time into the manifold yields a description of the gravitational field.

scholarly journals Expansion of the universe and its correlation with dark energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Puja Tiwari ◽  
Prof . M.N Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Satakshi Chatterjee ◽  
Prof. S. N. Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Dark Energy ◽  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

The Universe is expanding and science has got the relevant amount of evidence to prove that. The red shift of the distant galaxies prove that the Universe is expanding and at a good rate. The trouble is not with the expansion rather the force that is helping in this expansion. The Four Forces that is understood by physics are Gravitational Force, Electromagnetic Force, The Weak Force and The Strong Force. The four forces mentioned above unfortunately does not help in understanding the expansion of the Universe even after 13.8 billion years from the Big Bang. Initially it was thought that the Universe had an exponential expansion just after the Big Bang and this expansion will slow down before Gravity starts contracting the Universe. Well this theory got a setback after the Red Shift of the Galaxies showed that the Universe is still expanding.The expansion is happening still which means that the Gravitational Force is not being able to drift the galaxies towards one another. So what could be the unknown force that is repelling the galaxies from one another? Scientists have been working on this issue and many new concepts have been developed. Many scientists have argued that there is some force that is repelling the Universe but understanding this force has been difficult till now. Major scientists now agree that there is a force that is repelling the Universe and this force is not the four fundamental forces that are known to us. They have termed this force as the Dark Energy.What is this Dark Energy is a haunting question in today’s world. Only around 5% of the observable Universe is known till date. The rest around 95% is still a mystery to us. Of that 95% around 68% is Dark Energy. So the importance of understanding this force is the need of the hour. This force can tell a lot about the formation of the Universe from the start or it can even enlighten us if the Universe is eternal.The issue is as of now, this Dark Energy is hypothetical in nature as it has not been seen or felt by the instruments available to science today. The idea of Dark Energy goes to explain the expansion of the Universe, if Dark Energy is taken as some sort of Anti- Gravitational Force.Einstein’s theory of relativity talks of how space and time is intermingled with gravity. According to this theory space time gets modified due to the amount of matter that falls into the space. So if a planet sits on a space in the Universe it will cause a deviation in the space time field in such a way that it will accommodate the matter of the planet. So Einstein placed time as the fourth dimension and showed its importance in space. This theory stands true in majority of the cases in the Universe. The only hurdle being that inside the Black Hole this theory falters.Einstein and Schrodinger did interact with one another after he had understood that the Universe was expanding through the theory presented by Hubble. Earlier Einstein had stated that the Universe was Static. To counter the exigency that space time changes with matter he had proposed a constant by the name Cosmological Constant. Later he took the constant away stating that it was his blunder not to understand that the Universe was Expanding. Schrodinger had proposed to put the Cosmological Constant in the right side of the equation. This meant the constant may change with time and be considered more of a variable force. Though, Einstein later did not agree to the idea. Still it can be considered that both of them were talking about an extra force but could not come to any conclusion on this.Einstein in his special relativity theory had talked of conversion of energy to matter with his famous equation, E=mc^2. This meant that energy can be formed by matter and matter can be converted into energy. Though energy created from matter can be seen in Atom Bomb but matter created from energy is not seen. This paper will try to show how matter can be created from energy where Dark Energy acts as a Catalyst.This paper also tries to analyze the concept of Dark Energy as a non interacting supermassive energy (NISE). The paper will try to see the relationship between expanding Universe and Dark energy. The paper will try to develop a new spectrum that can make Dark Energy or NISE as stated in the paper visible or understandable. The paper will also like to see the relationship between Dark Energy and Photon. The paper will try to show how energy is converted from matter with the help of Dark Energy. 

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