Horizontal air showers induced by muons with energy above 1013 eV

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S369-S372 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Matano ◽  
M. Nagano ◽  
S. Shibata ◽  
K. Suga ◽  
G. Tanahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Cloud Chamber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Particle ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Experimental Distribution ◽  
Electromagnetic Showers

We have been observing horizontal air showers to study the high-energy interactions of muons. Nine horizontal air showers of size greater than 104 and zenith angle above 70° were observed. Two of these showers showed evidence that they are not pure electromagnetic showers but nucleonic showers. One shower contained a nuclear-active particle which produced a nuclear interaction in the cloud chamber, and the other shower contained a muon which penetrated about 103 g cm−2 of iron absorber. The size distribution of the horizontal showers was compared with the calculated one assuming that the nuclear interaction of high-energy muons was negligible. The discrepancy between the experimental distribution and the calculated one is reduced if the nuclear interaction of high-energy muons is taken into account, which supports our view that the horizontal air showers (at least some fraction of them) are produced by nuclear interactions of high-energy muons.

scholarly journals First analysis of inclined air showers detected by Tunka-Rex

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 02012
Author(s):  
T. Marshalkina ◽  
P.A. Bezyazeekov ◽  
N.M. Budnev ◽  
D. Chernykh ◽  
O. Fedorov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Radio Emission ◽  
Zenith Angle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Standard Analysis ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The Tunka Radio Extension (Tunka-Rex) is a digital antenna array for the detection of radio emission from cosmic-ray air showers in the frequency band of 30 to 80 MHz and for primary energies above 100 PeV. The standard analysis of Tunka-Rex includes events with zenith angle of up to 50?. This cut is determined by the efficiency of the external trigger. However, due to the air-shower footprint increasing with zenith angle and due to the more efficient generation of radio emission (the magnetic field in the Tunka valley is almost vertical), there are a number of ultra-high-energy inclined events detected by Tunka-Rex. In this work we present a first analysis of a subset of inclined events detected by Tunka-Rex. We estimate the energies of the selected events and test the efficiency of Tunka-Rex antennas for detection of inclined air showers.

Three-dimensional simulation of air showers. Core structures

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S164-S174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ogita ◽  
M. Rathgeber ◽  
S. Takagi ◽  
A. Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nuclear Interaction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Density Peaks ◽  
Shower Development ◽  
Fireball Model

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of extensive air showers were made with a model of nuclear interaction based essentially on the two-fireball model. Monte Carlo simulations were tried with primary protons of energy 106 and 2.5 × 105 GeV. Various quantities related to electrons, nuclear-active particles, and muons were obtained which enable us to get detailed information on the development of individual showers.Among various features so far simulated, those of core structures, in particular, are presented in great detail and discussed in connection with shower development. Within the framework of the fireball model the following main features were noted for the formation of multiple electron cores. The fraction of multicored events is strongly dependent on the primary energy, and decreases considerably with increasing height. These events were all initiated at high altitudes and none of them had high-density peaks with a separation of a few or more meters. High-energy nuclear particles play an important role in producing multicored events, but none of the peaks in multi-cored events were produced by a single γ ray.These features, in comparison with the experimental results, require the introduction of a large mean transverse momentum for nucleons, particularly at high energies [Formula: see text]. It seems likely that it increases with energy.

Comparison of Stratification in a Water Tank and a PCM-Water Tank

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Castell ◽  
C. Sole´ ◽  
M. Medrano ◽  
M. Nogue´s ◽  
L. F. Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Material ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Charging And Discharging Processes ◽  
Change Material

Most of the storage systems available on the market use water as storage medium. Enhancing the storage performance is necessary to increase the performance of most systems. The stratification phenomenon is employed to improve the efficiency of storage tanks. Heat at an intermediate temperature, not high enough to heat up the top layer, can still be used to heat the lower, colder layers. There are a lot of parameters to study the stratification in a water tank such as the Mix Number and the Richardson Number among others. The idea studied here was to use these stratification parameters to compare two tanks with the same dimensions during charging and discharging processes. One of them is a traditional water tank and the other is a PCM-water (a water tank with a Phase Change Material). A PCM is good because it has high energy density if there is a small temperature change, since then the latent heat is much larger than the sensible heat. On the other hand, the temperature change in the top layer of a hot water store with stratification is usually small as it is held as close as possible at or above the temperature for usage. In the system studied the Phase Change Material is placed at the top of the tank, therefore the advantages of the stratification still remain. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that the use of PCM in the upper part of a water tank holds or improves the benefit of the stratification phenomenon.

Growth of Transition Metal Films on AL(110) Surfaces

1995 ◽  
Vol 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Smith ◽  
Adli A. Saleh ◽  
V. Shutthanandan ◽  
N.R. Shivaparan ◽  
V. Krasemann
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Photoemission Spectroscopy ◽  
Alloy Formation ◽  
Ion Scattering ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Photoelectron Diffraction ◽  
Ti Films

ABSTRACTThe growth of thin Pd, Ni, Fe and Ti films on Al(110) surfaces has been studied using high-energy ion scattering (HEIS), x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and photoelectron diffraction techniques. Of these four metals, only Ti grows as an epitaxial overlayer, while the other metals mix with the substrate to form surface alloys. In the HEIS experiments the backscattered ion yield from Al surface atoms is measured as a function of metal coverage on the Al surface. A decrease in the Al scattering is observed for Ti deposition while the other metals result in increased Al scattering, attributed to alloy formation. An explanation for the exceptional growth behavior of Ti on Al is provided using a model of surface strain associated with aluminide formation.

Monte Carlo studies on electromagnetic cascades in extensive air showers

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S189-S196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. Thielheim ◽  
E. K. Schlegel ◽  
R. Beiersdorf
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fragmentation Mechanisms ◽  
Monte Carlo Studies

Three-dimensional Monte Carlo calculations have been performed on the trajectories of high-energy hadrons in extensive air showers. The central electron density and gradient of distribution are obtained for individual electromagnetic cascades together with coordinates at the level of observation. Various assumptions concerning primary mass number and energy, distributions of strong interaction parameters, and fragmentation mechanisms are discussed with respect to the production of steep maxima of electron density by single electromagnetic cascades in the core region of extensive air showers.

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