Static cone tests and settlement of calcareous desert sands

The results of a recent in situ testing program to establish standard penetration test – cone penetration test (SPT–CPT) correlation for the windblown calcareous desert sands of Kuwait are presented and analyzed. The program consisted of auger borings and static cone tests at five sites along a 35 km long corridor. The resulting correlation was employed for prediction of the allowable soil pressure of footings at seven sites in Kuwait where load tests were carried out on square concrete footings placed at a depth of 1 m below ground surface. A comparison of the measured to the predicted soil pressures using the Schmertmann method indicated very close agreement. The average ratio of measured to predicted soil pressure is 93% for the seven test sites. Recommendations are made for further testing to determine the long-term settlement components due to creep and cyclic loading. Key words: load tests, sands, footings, allowable pressure, settlement, field tests, borings, cone penetration tests.

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Design of axially and laterally loaded piles using in situ tests: A case history

Canadian Geotechnical Journal ◽

10.1139/t85-072 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 518-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

P. K. Robertson ◽

R. G. Campanella ◽

P. T. Brown ◽

I. Grof ◽

J. M. O. Hughes

Keyword(s):

Ground Surface ◽

Cone Penetration Test ◽

Load Test ◽

Penetration Test ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

In Situ Tests ◽

Below Ground ◽

Load Tests ◽

Pile Load Test ◽

Laterally Loaded

A 915 mm diameter steel pipe pile was driven and tested by the B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways as part of their foundation studies for the proposed Annacis channel crossing of the Fraser River. The pile was driven open ended to a maximum depth of 94 m. The pile was tested axially to failure when the pile tip was at depths of 67, 78, and 94 m below ground surface. Following the final axial load test, the pile was loaded laterally to a total deflection at the ground surface of 150 mm. A slope indicator casing was installed in the pile to monitor the deflected shape during lateral loading.Adjacent to the pile, a piezometer-friction cone penetration test (CPT) and a full-displacement pressuremeter profile were made. Results of the axial and lateral load tests are presented along with the data from the CPT and the full-displacement pressuremeter tests. Results of several analyses using the data from the CPT and pressuremeter tests to predict the axial and lateral performance of the pile are presented. A comparison and discussion is presented between the predicted and measured axial and lateral behaviour of the pile, for which excellent agreement was found. Key words: pile load test, cone penetration test, pressuremeter test.

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Notes on the Correlation of Cone Penetration Test Results in Weak Chalk at Norwich, Norfolk

Geological Society London Engineering Geology Special Publications ◽

10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.41 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 219-221

Author(s):

H. Erwig ◽

J. I. Pattinson

Keyword(s):

Site Investigation ◽

Standard Penetration Test ◽

Test Results ◽

Penetration Test ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Deep Boreholes ◽

A Site ◽

Penetration Tests

AbstractA site investigation has been carried out at Norwich, Norfolk consisting of deep boreholes and static electric cone penetration tests. Notes are given on the methods of investigation and on tentative classification of the weak chalk in this area together with the measured parameters of cone end resistance and standard penetration test ‘N’ values.

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Comparison of bearing capacity of unsaturated sand using Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) and Plate Load Tests (PLT)

Unsaturated Soils ◽

10.1201/b10526-184 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 1183-1188 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F Mohamed ◽

S Vanapalli ◽

M Saatcioglu

Keyword(s):

Bearing Capacity ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Unsaturated Sand ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Load Tests ◽

Penetration Tests

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Pile Capacity Calculation by using SPT and CPT Data

Academic Perspective Procedia ◽

10.33793/acperpro.02.03.153 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 1377-1387

Author(s):

Ertan Bol ◽

Zeynep Süreyya Genç

Keyword(s):

Field Tests ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Pile Capacity ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Pore Water Pressures ◽

Ground Conditions ◽

Capacity Calculation ◽

Specific Geometry ◽

Foundation Type ◽

Penetration Tests

In this paper, a study has been carried out to estimate the ultimate capacities of concrete circular piles which are used as foundation type due to reasons such as poor ground conditions, seismicity, high or irregular loads etc. by field tests. Two cone penetration tests (CPTU), which measure the pore water pressures on alluvial soils of the Adapazarı plain, were conducted at the same locations with drillings which SPT tests were carried out. Ultimate capacities of a single pile with a specific geometry were determined by the methods proposed in the literature by using the data obtained from SPT and CPT field tests at both points. According to this, it is concluded that pile capacities can give very different results even in short distances in regions which offer sudden layer changes in horizontal and vertical. Disadvantages of the SPT test in practice compared to CPT have been shown to cause also different values of pile capacities.

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Effects of Aging on Freshly Deposited or Densified Calcareous Sands

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198196154700111 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1547 (1) ◽

pp. 76-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hasan A. Al-Sanad ◽

Nabil F. Ismael

Keyword(s):

Field Tests ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Calcareous Sand ◽

Cemented Sand ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Effects Of Aging ◽

Penetration Tests ◽

Zero Time ◽

Dynamic Cone Penetration

The effect of aging on the strength and compressibility of calcareous desert sands was examined by laboratory and field tests. The field tests included standard penetration and dynamic cone penetration tests on freshly deposited loose calcareous sand at one site in Kuwait City. The laboratory tests included direct shear, consolidation, and California bearing ratio tests on reconstituted compacted specimens from a naturally cemented sand. These tests were conducted at zero time and after aging for different periods in the laboratory. The results indicate an increase in the shear strength and a reduction in compressibility at a decreasing rate with time. The penetration resistance increased by 100 to 200 percent as a result of aging over a period of 1 year. The changes in strength and compressibility are attributed to mechanical effects resulting from particle interlocking, reorientation, and dispersion and increased friction at a constant effective stress.

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Characterization by Cone Penetration Tests of the decalcified Zandvliet Sand (Lillo Formation, North Belgium)

Geologica Belgica ◽

10.20341/gb.2021.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (3-4) ◽

pp. 159-167

Author(s):

Jef DECKERS ◽

Jasper VERHAEGEN ◽

Ilse VERGAUWEN

Keyword(s):

Chemical Weathering ◽

Depositional Environment ◽

Soil Acidity ◽

The Other ◽

Penetration Test ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Resistance ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Penetration Tests ◽

Overlying Strata

The sandy Zandvliet Member represents a particular, decalcified facies in the top of the Pliocene Lillo Formation in northern Belgium. Based on the correlation with nearby boreholes at the type locality of the Zandvliet Member, we were able to characterize this unit on Cone Penetration Tests. Compared to the underlying Merksem Member, the Zandvliet Member generally shows markedly lower cone resistance values. Since besides the decalcification, the Zandvliet Member is lithologically nearly identical to the underlying Merksem Member, the lower cone resistance values in the Zandvliet Member compared to the Merksem Member can only be the result of the decalcification of the Zandvliet Member. Indeed, the partly decalcified top of the Merksem Member also gives similar cone resistance values as the Zandvliet Member. Decalcification of the Eocene Brussel Sand in central Belgium is also known to have resulted in lower cone resistance values. Our Cone Penetration Test interpretations show that the thickness of the Zandvliet Member strongly varies across short distances (>10 m across 1 km). As the Zandvliet Member thickens, the underlying Merksem Member thins and vice versa. This trend is not in line with that of the under- and overlying strata, i.e. intraformational, nor with the depositional environment of these units. The thickness changes of the Zandvliet Member therefore purely reflect changes in depth of the post-depositional decalcification into the original shell-bearing sand (i.e. original Merksem Member). This confirms the existing hypothesis that the Zandvliet Member actually represents the decalcified part of the Merksem Member. The anomalous heavy mineralogy of the Zandvliet Member compared to the other members of the Lillo Formation cannot be readily explained by the acid chemical weathering which caused the decalcification. This may rather be related to a change in the primary heavy mineral signal of the upper part of the Merksem Member and equivalent Zandvliet Member compared to the underlying sequences of the Lillo Formation. The reason for the post-depositional decalcification could be similar to the Pleistocene changes in soil acidity invoked for decalcification of time-equivalent Red Crag sand in England.

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Numerical Simulation of Cone Penetration Tests Inside Suction Caisson Foundations in Sand

Volume 10: Offshore Geotechnics ◽

10.1115/omae2020-18721 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marc Stapelfeldt ◽

Diaa Alkateeb ◽

Jürgen Grabe ◽

Britta Bienen

Keyword(s):

Cone Penetration Test ◽

Service Performance ◽

Small Scale ◽

Penetration Test ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Soil Plug ◽

Suction Caisson ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Caisson Foundations ◽

Penetration Tests

Abstract Offshore wind is increasingly utilised as a renewable energy source. A growing number of bottom fixed wind turbines installed offshore are supported by suction caisson foundations. The suction-assisted installation remains a source of uncertainty towards the in-service performance due to the unknown post-installation soil plug state. Cone penetration tests within the suction caisson can help to improve the reliability. Therefore, cone penetration tests were employed in centrifuge tests to investigate the plug state in a previously installed suction caisson. However, the performance of a cone penetration test in a small-scale experiment is connected to uncertainties: A relatively large diameter device is required to conduct the cone penetration test — especially in a centrifuge test. Different finite element models are developed in order to visualise and investigate a cone penetration test inside a suction caisson. The numerical analysis results are validated through the back-calculation of centrifuge cone penetration tests. The results of the simulated cone penetration tests inside a suction caisson are evaluated and compared to the centrifuge experiments. This investigation reinforces the scope of the centrifuge experiments and emphasises a considerable effect of the pressure transferral through the caisson lid in the soil plug state. Hence, the results of this study reduce existing uncertainties regarding possible suction installation effects on the in-service performance of caisson foundations.

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PERBANDINGAN DAYA DUKUNG TIANG PANCANG BERDASARKAN PENGUJIAN CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT) DAN STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT) PADA TANAH BERPASIR

UKaRsT ◽

10.30737/ukarst.v4i1.793 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

I Wayan Ariyana Basoka

Keyword(s):

Bearing Capacity ◽

Field Tests ◽

Field Testing ◽

Cone Penetration Test ◽

Standard Penetration Test ◽

Pile Foundations ◽

Capacity Analysis ◽

Penetration Test ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Spt Data

Design of building structure always related to the foundation, field testing is often done to test the bearing capacity of the soil in the form of a cone penetration test (CPT) and a standard penetration test (SPT). From the two field tests that are often done, it is necessary to research the amount of bearing capacity obtained through CPT and SPT data. This study uses a bearing capacity analysis of the pile foundation using CPT and SPT data in Pesanggaran, Bali, Indonesia. The analysis was carried out by comparing the bearing capacity of pile foundations using pile foundations with dimensions of 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm and 30 cm at a level of 10 meters. The results of the bearing capacity percentage are then compared. From the analysis conducted, the bearing capacity of pile foundations using CPT data has a higher value than the carrying capacity of poles using SPT data with a bearing capacity difference of 10,4-16,3%.Perancangan suatu struktur erat kaitannya dengan fondasi, pengujian lapangan yang sering dilakukan untuk mengetahui daya dukung fondasi berupa cone penetration test (CPT) dan standard penetration test (SPT). Dari dua pengujian lapangan yang sering dilakukan, maka perlu dilakukan dilakukan penelitian mengenai seberapa besar perbedaan hasil daya dukung yang diperoleh melalui data CPT dan SPT. Penelitian ini melakukan perbandingan analisis daya dukung fondasi tiang dengan menggunakan data CPT dan SPT di Pesanggaran, Bali, Indonesia. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan daya dukung fondasi tiang menggunakan fondasi tiang berdimensi 15 cm, 20 cm, 25 cm, dan 30 cm pada kedalaman 10 meter. Hasil persentase daya dukung yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan. Dari analisis yang dilakukan, diperoleh daya dukung fondasi tiang menggunakan data CPT memiliki nilai lebih tinggi daripada daya dukung tiang menggunakan data SPT dengan perbedaan daya dukung 10,4-16,3%.

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Testing Grease Consistency

Lubricants ◽

10.3390/lubricants9020014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Alan Gurt ◽

Michael M. Khonsari

Keyword(s):

Yield Stress ◽

Power Law ◽

Simple Procedure ◽

New Method ◽

Penetration Test ◽

Cone Penetration ◽

Cone Penetration Tests ◽

Relative Consistency ◽

Penetration Tests

Because of the influential role of consistency in selecting a grease for a given application, accurate and meaningful methodologies for its measurements are vitally important. A new method, recently introduced, uses a rheometer to compress a grease sample to evaluate a relative consistency between a fresh and degraded grease; however, the results of this approach compared to a standard penetrometer and other methods of assessing consistency have not been studied. This paper takes a closer look at the relevant parameters involved in the rheometer penetration test and establishes a recommended procedure for its use. The consistency of various greases is then tested using this method and compared to results obtained from yield stress, crossover stress, and cone penetration tests. The results indicate that rheometer penetration may be used to assess the change in consistency for a given grease but should not be used to compare different greases. For this purpose, the crossover stress method is recommended, which is shown to correlate very well with cone penetration while using a simple procedure and allowing the use of a substantially smaller sample. A strong power law correlation between crossover stress and cone penetration was found for all greases tested and is presented in Figure 12.

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