Construction Planning and Operation of Battery Swapping Stations for Electric Vehicles: A Literature Review

The popularity of electric vehicles has been limited by factors such as range, long charging times and fast power failure in winter. In order to overcome these challenges, battery swapping stations (BSS) have been constructed and greatly promoted in recent years. In this paper, the related literature on electric vehicle service is reviewed and the co-occurrence of keywords is analyzed using CiteSpace. The literature is classified according to clustering results and recurring themes, such as the location of BSS, inventory decisions, charging strategies and BSS assignment. In each topic, typical optimization models and algorithms proposed in previous studies are summarized. Then, this paper gives a case about the business model and revenue capacity calculation of BSS. Finally, it points out the future research direction of battery swapping stations for electric vehicles.

Research on the Calculation Method of Distributed Photovoltaic Access Capacity Considering Harmonic Characteristics

To raise the maximum access ability of the maximal distributed photovoltaic system, based on the metering terminal of plant and station system for many years, a nonparametric estimation method based on kernel density is proposed to calculate harmonic probability distribution, this paper proposes the calculation method of superposition index and simultaneous coefficient suitable for distributed photovoltaic grid-connection, and puts forward the capacity calculation method considering harmonic constraints. An example shows that the proposed method can increase the maximum admittance capacity by at least 15% compared with the traditional method under the condition that the harmonic emission level does not exceed the threshold value of national standard, and realize the safe, stable and economic operation.

Research of time headways at roundabout approaches

It is known that traffic flow characteristics have significant influence at the capacity of all functional segments of the road and street network. One of the most important traffic flow parameters which affect the capacity of roundabouts is follow-up headway at minor approaches of roundabouts. This traffic flow parameter, like the most others, depends on driver behaviour, i.e. local traffic conditions. This paper presents the research results related to follow-up headway at three roundabouts obtained by the photographic method. This data collection method is chosen because its application completely eliminates the impact of research at behaviour of traffic participants. After the research, a representative sample is formed and its processing and analysis led to conclusions about the value of follow-up headway at roundabouts which can be applied in standard procedures for capacity calculation at roundabouts in midsize cities of our region.

Сargo carrying capacity calculation for combined ships in optimization problem for ship’s main elements

This article is devoted to the development of the cargo carrying capacity evaluation method for a combined ship of tanker/platform type. A specific feature of cargo carrying capacity calculation for such ships lies in the fact that they have two cargo compartments of different structure. The compartments are interconnected, including dimensions, and influence each other. This fact leads to the need to update the existing calculation methods when justifying the main dimensions both of tankers and of platform ships. It is proposed to include the parameters which affect the cargo carrying capacity and take into account the above mentioned influence into the cargo carrying capacity equations. This article also specifies the determination methods for these parameters in the early stages of ship designing. All this made it possible to obtain relations, the inclusion of which into the mathematic model of optimization problem for main elements of a combined ship (tanker/platform type) allows proper evaluation of all available options of main dimensions in terms of their compliance with carrying capacity for each specific cargo as well as exclusion of improper options from consideration.