THE ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR OF COPPER

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1118-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Wiebe ◽  
C. A. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Copper Cathode ◽  
Dissolved Gas ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Potential Decay ◽  
The Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
Subsequent Passage

Potentials ranging from −0.063 volt to +0.044 volt were observed for freshly prepared copper electrodes in sulphuric acid. The potential was dependent upon concentration of the electrolyte, the gas with which the electrolyte was saturated, the nature of the electrode surface, and the intensity of the stirring. The rate of potential decay was influenced by the nature of the dissolved gas and concentration of the electrolyte. When current was passed for the first time across a freshly prepared electrode face, the potential build-up was nonlinear, but subsequent passage of current gave a linear build-up of potential. The apparent capacitance at a copper cathode increased with the time allowed for the potential to decay after current had been passed. It was also dependent upon the current used to measure it, and appeared to be somewhat affected by the area of the cathode. Reliable estimates of the surface areas of the electrodes appeared to be possible from the times required for the electrodes to reach maximum potentials.

THE ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR OF MERCURY

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-318
Author(s):  
A. K. Wiebe ◽  
C. A. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Metal Atom ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Saturated Calomel Electrode ◽  
Mercury Electrode ◽  
Mercury Ions ◽  
Electrode Potentials ◽  
Constant Potential ◽  
First Time ◽  
Subsequent Passage

Mercury electrode potentials in N/5 sulphuric acid were unaffected when the electrolyte was saturated with hydrogen, nitrogen, or helium but were markedly affected by trace amounts of oxygen or mercury ions. In the absence of oxygen and mercury ions, a constant potential of −0.61 volt (relative to a saturated calomel electrode) was observed. When current was passed for the first time across a fresh electrode face immersed in oxygen-free electrolyte (i.e. from initial potentials of about −0.6l volt), the potential build-up was nonlinear, but subsequent passage of current gave a linear build-up of potential. With traces of oxygen present, differences in the two types of curves were masked by reactions that appeared to involve oxygen or oxide on the electrode surface. The initial build-up curve was ascribed to the deposition of a monatomic hydrogen film (one atom per metal atom in the surface). The potential build-up curves probably result from a number of simultaneous reactions at the electrode.

THE ELECTRODE BEHAVIOR OF PLATINUM

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 665-672
Author(s):  
A. K. Wiebe ◽  
C. A. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Saturated Calomel Electrode ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Platinum Surface ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
The Times

A potential of −0.305 ± 0.005 volt (relative to a saturated calomel electrode) was obtained at a freshly prepared platinum surface within 30 sec. of immersion in oxygen-free N/5 sulphuric acid saturated with hydrogen. In electrolytes saturated with nitrogen or oxygen potentials of +0.05 ± 0.01 volt and +0.745 ± 0.005 volt respectively were more slowly attained. The times required for the electrode to reach maximum potentials, tmax, when it was made a cathode, and corresponding values of tmax when it was rendered anodic, were determined over a range of currents. The values of tmax appear to provide a method of determining the surface areas of platinum electrodes.

Delhi in Transition, 1821 and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
English Translation ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Original Manuscript ◽  
English East India Company ◽  
The Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

Commissioned by the English East India Company to write about contemporary nineteenth-century Delhi, Mirza Sangin Beg walked around the city to capture its highly fascinating urban and suburban extravaganza. Laced with epigraphy and fascinating anecdotes, the city as ‘lived experience’ has an overwhelming presence in his work, Sair-ul Manazil. Sair-ul Manazil dominates the historiography of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century compositions on Delhi in Persian and Urdu, and remains unparalleled in its architecture and detailed content. It deals with the habitations of people, bazars, professions and professionals, places of worship and revelry, and issues of contestation. Over fifty typologies of structures and several institutions that find resonance in the Persian and Ottoman Empires can also be gleaned from Sair-ul Manazil. Interestingly, Beg made no attempt to ‘monumentalize’ buildings; instead, he explored them as spaces reflective of the sociocultural milieu of the times. Delhi in Transition is the first comprehensive English translation of Beg’s work, which was originally published in Persian. It is the only translation to compare the four known versions of Sair-ul Manazil, including the original manuscript located in Berlin, which is being consulted for the first time. It has an exhaustive introduction and extensive notes, along with the use of varied styles in the book to indicate the multiple sources of the text, contextualize Beg’s work for the reader and engage him with the debate concerning the different variants of this unique and eclectic work.

Photochemical reactions of azo compounds. IX. Further studies related to the photochemical reactions of bisazo compounds

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
NC Jamieson ◽  
GE Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Photochemical Reaction ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
Azo Compounds ◽  
Bisazo Compounds ◽  
First Time

The photochemical reactions of 4,4?-bis(phenylazo)biphenyl and 4- phenyl-azoazobenzene in 98% sulphuric acid have been examined, for comparison with the corresponding reactions in 22N acid. Photochemical cyclodehydrogenation of 4-phenylazoazobenzene to two benzo[c]cinnoline derivatives has thereby been effected for the first time. The observed course of the latter reaction has led, in turn, to studies of the benzidine rearrangement of 2-(2-phenylhydrazino)benzo[c]- cinnoline, of the photochemical cyclodehydrogenation of 3-phenylazobenzene, and of the photochemical reaction of 2-phenylazobenzo[c]cinnoline. The results of these investigations are now recorded and discussed.

Profaning the Sacred: The Unorthodox Financial Activities of Catholic Clerics During the Napoleonic Period, 1796–1814

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-542
Author(s):  
Christopher Korten
Keyword(s):  
Precious Metals ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Sacred And Profane ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

This article reveals for the first time how Catholic clerics survived financially during the Napoleonic period in Italy (1796–1814). Despite the very rich, 200-year historiography on one of the Church's most critical periods, there is almost nothing on how religious clerics coped at this time. Their institutions had been despoiled by the French, often in collaboration with locals, negating traditional forms of clerical income, such as alms or rental income from non-ecclesiastical properties. This caused clerics to search out unorthodox – at times, non-canonical – ways of eking out a living, either for themselves, their religious communities or both, as such distinctions were often blurred. Masses were monetized and traded; ecclesiastical paraphernalia composed of precious metals were smelted and commodified, and relics were sold for profit. The uncovering of these controversial acts by men who in normal times were upstanding reveals the desperation of the times and provides insight into the rich discussion on determining the degrees of separation (and overlap) between the sacred and profane.

Orishatukeh Faduma and the New Theology

1994 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Nathaniel Moore
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Christian Ethics ◽  
Comparative Religion ◽  
Religion And Science ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Dark Continent ◽  
Theological Orientation ◽  
The Times ◽  
First Time

In 1890 theBoston Heraldcarried the following review of an article entitled “Thoughts for the Times or The New Theology”: “A curiosity is a paper by a native African, Orishatukeh Faduma, on ‘Thoughts for the Times,’ by which he means the new theology. This is the first time that a criticof the new theology has turned up from the dark continent, and is a curious and significant paper. When a native can write like this on subjects in which he has been obliged to educate himself, it means that we are to say nothing more against the intelligence of the African race.” While correct in noting the historical significance of Faduma's efforts, the reviewer's condescension disclosed his failure to appreciate and understand the sophistication and depth of Faduma' theological analysis and agenda. Faduma's critique of elements of the New Theology did not entail his rejection of this controversial theological synthesis which emerged during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Rather, his comments on religion and science, the historicalcritical method, comparative religion, missiology, the historical development of Christianity, and Christian ethics reveal that he essentially shared the theological orientation of its formulators.

scholarly journals Historiography at the Crossroads

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (33) ◽  
pp. 229-270
Author(s):  
Dmitri Starostin
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
End Of History ◽  
The End Of History ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sacred History

This article suggests that the Carolingian effort in resetting the calendar of history at the time of Charlemagne’s coronation to the year 6000 from the Creation and 801 from the Incarnation of Christ must be considered as only one of the period in the cycle of the processes of realigning, resetting and redeploying the calendar since the times of Augustine. During this period, the calculations necessary for the construction of the calendars and timelines lead to concerns regarding the end of history and the “end of times”. The first time scholars like Jerome and Augustine had to address the ending of the calendar of the universal sacred history that the Christians inherited from the Old Testament was during the 4th and 5th centuries. The Carolingian period witnessed the second “time of reckoning” when Eusebius’ date for the Incarnation of the Anno Mundi 5199 prompted scholars to reconsider the meaning of the Carolingian rule around the year 801, that is, the Anno Mundi 6000.

Temperature and Time of Development of the Two Sexes in Drosophila

1926 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERT BONNIER
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Development ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

1. The time of development at 25°C. up to the moment of pupation is found to be for females and males respectively 116.62 ± 0.19 and 116.78 ± 0.20 hours. During the pupal stage the two times are 111.36 ± 0.15 and 115.46 ± 0.13 hours. 2. At 30° C. the corresponding figures are (in the same order): 99.95 ± 0.49, 103.37 ± 0.43, 78±15 ± 0.50 and 84.26 ± 0.34 hours. 3. These figures show that there is a statistical significance in the differences of the times of development of the two sexes for both the periods at 30°C. but only for the pupal stage at 25° C. It is pointed out that the fact that the longer time of male development as compared with female development at 25° C. is confined to the pupal stage, may be correlated with the other fact that the essential parts of the secondary sexual characters are developed during this stage. 4. It is shown that there is a negative correlation between the pre-pupal and pupal times of development, indicating that the longer the first time is, the shorter is, as a rule, the other time and vice versa. 5. With the aid of statistical methods it is shown that the shortening of the time of development at 30°C. as compared with the time at 25° C. is much more pronounced for the pupal than for the pre-pupal stage. 6. This last fact is discussed and it is emphasised that the ordinary methods of studying the influence of temperature on development are too rough to be of more than of a descriptive value, the only way of getting a deeper insight into the processes of development by temperature studies being the separate studies of a number of short intervals.

Research on the importance of tool–workpiece separation in ultrasonic vibration–assisted milling

2016 ◽  
Vol 231 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahdi Abootorabi Zarchi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Razfar ◽  
Amir Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Ultrasonic Vibration ◽  
Vibration Amplitude ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Friction Behavior ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
The Times ◽  
Analytical Relations ◽  
First Time

In recent years, various reasons for improvement of performance and efficiency in ultrasonic vibration–assisted machining processes have been reported, which were mostly descriptive and without sufficient analytical and empirical proofs. Among the different machining processes, the least amount of experimental data and analytical relations exist about ultrasonic-assisted milling. In this article, for the first time in ultrasonic-assisted milling, we have determined the times of tool–workpiece engagement and their separation from each other in each vibration cycle and then investigated the influence of vibration amplitude and cutting speed on tool–workpiece effective engagement in ultrasonic-assisted milling. Contrary to ultrasonic-assisted turning, cutting time in each vibration cycle in ultrasonic-assisted milling is different from each other. With the aid of comprehensive experiments at tool–workpiece engagement angles smaller than 90°, we have proved that the main reason for average cutting force decrease in ultrasonic-assisted milling compared with conventional milling is the separation of tool and workpiece that occurs in a portion of each vibration cycle, and other factors such as change of friction behavior have less importance. At investigated tool–workpiece engagement angles, experimental and analytical results agree with each other.

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