scholarly journals CONSTITUTION OF A GLUCOMANNAN FROM THE SAPWOOD OF SUGAR MAPLE (ACER SACCHARUM)

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2423-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Linear Structure ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A glucomannan containing D-mannose and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 7:3 has been isolated from sugar maple sapwood. Electrophorectic examination in acetate and borate buffers showed that the polysaccharide was essentially homogeneous. Methylation and hydrolysis of the glucomannan yielded the following O-methyl ethers:2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-glucose (1.1%),2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-mannose (2.3%),2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-glucose (23.4%),2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-mannose (65.9%),2,3-di-O-methyl-D-glucose (2.6%),2,3-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (2.7%).These data in conjunction with periodate oxidation results and estimates of the degree of polymerization indicated that the glucomannan was composed of 25–27 hexose units linked β(1 → 4) in a linear structure. The chains were terminated predominately by D-mannose units; traces of D-xylose were present in terminal positions only and appeared to be part of the glucomannan molecule.

STRUCTURE OF A GALACTURONAN FROM SUNFLOWER PECTIC ACID

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1275-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zitko ◽  
C. T. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Galacturonic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Pectic Acid ◽  
Potassium Borohydride ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Fractions of sunflower pectic acid containing 89.8%, 94.2%, and 91.4% of D-galacturonic acid were carboxyl reduced as their methyl or ethylene glycol esters by potassium borohydride. Critical assessment of the effects of three different solvents (water, 80% aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide, and 80% aqueous methanol) on the efficiency of reduction showed that the latter solvent was best. The reductions caused a decrease in the degree of polymerization from 270 to 21. Measurement of the rates of hydrolysis of partially reduced pectic acids containing 90%, 41.6%, 19.9%, 11.0%, and 0.65% of D-galacturonic acid showed that the rate of hydrolysis was directly related to the proportion of galacturonosidic linkages present. Methylation and hydrolysis of the carboxyl-reduced pectic acid fractions yielded 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose and 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose in an approximate molar ratio of 1:20. Results of the periodate oxidation of the carboxyl-reduced pectic acid supported the conclusion inferred from the methylation results that the pectic acid was a linear polymer of 1 → 4 linked α-D-galacturonic acid units.

THE STRUCTURE OF A SYNTHETIC GLUCAN: I. GENERAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1196-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. S. Dutton ◽  
A. M. Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Only D-glucose was obtained on acid hydrolysis of the glucan. Periodate oxidation released formaldehyde, which was believed to arise from C6 of D-glucofuranose units. From the additional formaldehyde liberated from the borohydride-reduced glucan the degree of polymerization was estimated to be about 165. Complete hydrolysis of the derived polyalcohol gave glycerol, erythritol, D-glucose, and D-xylose. Partial hydrolysis gave glycerol, erythritol, and at least seven non-reducing oligosaccharides. Direct evidence for the existence of relatively large numbers of 1 → 6 and 1 → 4 linkages was found, together with smaller numbers of 1 → 2 linkages. The methylated glucan was freely soluble in chloroform – petroleum ether (5:95), and hydrolysis gave tetra, tri, di, and mono-O-methyl-D-glucoses in a 6:6:3:1 molar ratio.

The carbohydrates of the roots of the sugar maple

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (19) ◽  
pp. 2217-2225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Scott ◽  
G. W. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Acidic Component ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Differential Precipitation

Alkaline extraction of the chlorite holocellulose from the roots of the sugar maple (Acer saccharum) yielded a mixture of hemicellulose material which gave glucose, xylose, galactose, an acidic component, and arabinose in the approximate molar ratio of 14:22:1.7:1.9:1.0 upon acid hydrolysis. This crude hemicellulose was separated into four fractions by differential precipitation with Cetavlon. Methylation of two of these hemicelluloses resulted in further purification, and yielded two acidic glucoxylans (B-1-A and B-3-A) which were structurally distinct from the polysaccharides found in the shoot. Fraction B-l-A (degree of polymerization 144) consisted of a chain of β-(1 → 4)-linked d-xylose and d-glucose units, some of each of which were branched through C-3. The terminal, nonreducing units were d-xylose or sugar acid residues. Fraction B-3-A (degree of polymerization 96) also consisted of a chain of β-(l → 4)-linked d-xylose and d-glucose units, but branching occurred at C-3 of some of the d-xylose residues only. The carbohydrate composition of the mono- and oligo-saccharide fractions and of the other hemicelluloses was investigated.

THE WATER-SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDES OF DERMATOPHYTES: II. A GLUCAN FROM MICROSPORUM QUINCKEANUM

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2621-2627 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Alfes ◽  
C. T. Bishop ◽  
F. Blank
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Minimum Degree ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Branch Points ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

A levorotatory glucan with a minimum degree of polymerization of 36 has been isolated from the water-soluble polysaccharides of the dermatophyte Microsporum quinckeanum. Hydrolysis of the methylated glucan yielded the following O-methyl-D-glucoses: 2,3,4,6-tetra-(10.2 mole%); 2,3,4-tri- (57.7 mole%); 2,4,6-tri- (22.2 mole%); 2,4-di- (8.2 mole%); and 2-mono- (1.6 mole%). The glucan consumed 1.53 moles of periodate with production of 0.70 mole of formic acid per mole anhydroglucose. Reduction and hydrolysis of the periodate-oxidized glucan yielded glycerol, erythritol, and D-glucose in a molar ratio of 72.3:0.6:27.1. The results showed that the glucan consisted of β-D-glucopyranose units joined in straight chains by 1 → 6 (57%) and 1 → 3 (24%) linkages. Approximately 3 in every 37 glucose residues constitute branch points in the glucan with branches occurring at the C6 and C3 positions of the same glucose unit. The glucan bears some resemblance to the yeast glucans of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans but differs from them in the relative number of 1 → 6 and 1 → 3 linkages and in the degree of branching.

CONSTITUTION OF A WATER SOLUBLE HEMICELLULOSE FROM AMERICAN BEECHWOOD (FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Fagus Grandifolia ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Weight Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Homogeneous Fraction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Extraction of beechwood chlorite holocellulose with hot water yielded a hemicellulose in 13.4% yield (based on original extractive-free wood) containing D-xylose 72%, D-galactose 11.0%, and uronic acid 13.2%. Purification of the crude hemicellulose by complexing with Fehling's solution yielded a chemically homogeneous fraction containing D-xylose 83% and 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid 15.5%. Hydrolysis of the fully methylated hemicellulose yielded 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, 3-O-methyl-D-xylose, and 3-O-methyl-2-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-xylose in a molar ratio of 2:35:3:5. On the basis of the methylation data, periodate oxidation, reducing power determinations, and weight average molecular weight values a possible structure for the hemicellulose is proposed.

CONSTITUTION OF AN ARABOGALACTAN FROM JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB)

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1010-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ether ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Average Degree ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Homogeneous Hydrolysis

A water soluble arabogalactan isolated from jack pine was shown to have a molar ratio of arabinose to galactose of 1:13, and a number average degree of polymerization of 53 ± 3. Fractionation data and electrophoresis indicated that the arabogalactan was homogeneous. Hydrolysis of the methyl ether of the polysaccharide yielded 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl-L-arabinose (4 moles); 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (12–13 moles); 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactose (19 moles); 2,6-di-O-methyl-D-galactose (1 mole); and 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-galactose (14 moles). Some features of the structure of the arabogalactan are discussed on the basis of these results.

Litter layers (Oie) as a calcium source of sugar maple seedlings in a northern hardwood forest

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Fahey ◽  
Joel D. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Calcium Source ◽  
Calcium Supply ◽  
Internal Transport

The role of the Oie horizon in calcium supply of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) seedlings was evaluated. Forest floor Oie horizon was reciprocally transplanted on 1 m2 quadrats between a Ca-treated (W1) and a reference (W3) watershed, and sugar maple seeds were planted on the quadrats. The Oie horizon in W1 exhibited a greatly increased Ca:Sr molar ratio compared with the reference W3 (550 vs. 220), allowing distinction of this Ca source in seedling tissues. Foliage and fine roots of maple seedlings growing on quadrats in W3 with Oie transplanted from W1 exhibited Ca:Sr ratios intermediate between the Oie and underlying native soil horizons, demonstrating the role of Oie in seedling Ca nutrition. However, apparently strong and temporally changing discrimination of Ca and Sr in seedling uptake and internal transport confounded quantitative evaluation.

THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SOME ACIDIC XYLANS BY PERIODATE OXIDATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. S. Dutton ◽  
A. M. Unrau
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Borohydride Reduction ◽  
Mild Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Degree Of Branching ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Mild Acid

By determining the amount of formaldehyde produced on periodate oxidation of borohydride-reduced apple- and cherry-wood xylans the degree of polymerization was shown to be 155 and 100 respectively. Acid hydrolysis of the polyols obtained by periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction gave ethylene glycol in amounts indicating that these xylans have a small degree of branching. Mild acid hydrolysis of the polyols demonstrated that in these xylans D-glucuronic acid as well as 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid was present and that some of the former occupied non-terminal positions.

CONSTITUTION OF A HEMICELLULOSE FROM WHEAT BRAN

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Alkaline Extraction ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Simultaneous Production ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The hemicellulose prepared from wheat bran by alkaline extraction was an acidic polysaccharide containing arabinose (50.0%), xylose (38.5%), and uronic acid (9.0%). Graded hydrolysis with 0.02 N oxalic acid preferentially released 65% of the arabinose with only a small simultaneous production of xylose. Hydrolysis of the full methylated hemicellulose yielded 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-, 2,3-di-O-methyl-, 2-O-methyl-, and free D-xylose; 2,3,5-tri-O-methyl-, 2,5-di-O-methyl-, and probably 3- and 5-O-methyl-L-arabinose. These data, together with those from periodate oxidation, strongly suggested that the molecule was a highly branched araboxylan. Viscosity measurements and reducing power determinations indicated a degree of polymerization of 300.

Structural investigations of the araban from guava, Psidium guajava L

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Sengupta ◽  
AK Mukherjee ◽  
CVN Rao
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Scattering Measurements ◽  
Degradation Studies ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The pulp of guava, Psidium guajava L., contains an araban which can be enriched by extraction with 70% ethanol. Hydrolysis of the fully methylated pure araban, obtained during fractionation of the methylated polysaccharide, yielded 2,3,5-tri-, 2,3-di-, and 2-O-methyl-L-arabinofuranose in the molar ratio of 1 : 1.04 : 0.93, together with a small amount of arabinose. A structure has been suggested from these results which was corroborated by results from periodate oxidation studies. Sequence of branching has been confirmed from Barry degradation studies. Information about molecular size has been obtained from light scattering measurements.

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