Manufacture of Mikania micrantha vinegar and investigation of its repellent activity for Forcipomyia taiwana

Crude vinegar was prepared from Mikania micrantha plants using a steel kiln. The ether-extracted vinegar and acidic, phenolic, and neutral fractions were obtained by the partition method. The fundamental properties of crude vinegar, including its fractions applied to repel biting midges (Forcipomyia taiwana), were investigated. Results indicated that the crude vinegar had a moisture content of 91%, Gardner color value of 11.2, a reddish-brown color, specific gravity of 1.0164, pH of 5.36, organic acid content of 2.50%, and soluble tar content of 0.78%. In ether-extracted vinegar of M. micrantha, the acidic component was the major ingredient, followed by the neutral, phenolic, and nitrogenous components. The main organic compounds of the acidic, phenolic, nitrogenous, and neutral components were acetic acid, phenol, 3-pyridinol, and 2-furanmethanol, respectively. The results also demonstrated that the crude vinegar, ether-extracted vinegar, and the phenolic and neutral fractions effectively repelled biting midges, with absolute repellent times of 49, 87, 83, and 99 min, respectively. The repellent activity of ether-extracted vinegar and the phenolic and neutral fractions of M. micrantha vinegar on biting midges was higher than that of a commercial repellent agent (named Dinling) with absolute repellent time of 61 min.

Significant contrasts in aerosol acidity between China and the Unites States

Aerosol acidity governs several key processes in aerosol physics and chemistry, thus affecting aerosol mass and composition, and ultimately the climate and human health. Previous studies have reported the aerosol pH separately in China and the United States, implying a different aerosol acidity between these two countries. However, underlying mechanisms responsible for the pH difference are not fully understood, limited by the scarcity of simultaneous measurements of aerosol composition and gas species, especially in China. Here we conduct a comprehensive assessment of the aerosol acidity in China and the United States, using extended ground-level measurements and regional chemical transport model simulations. We show aerosol in China is significantly less acidic than that in the United States, with pH values 1–2 units higher. Based on a multivariable Taylor Series method and a series of sensitivity tests, we identify several major factors leading to the pH difference. Compared to the United States, aerosols in China are generally in total ammonia (TNH3 = NH4+ + NH3) rich conditions where particle phase ammonium (NH4+) concentrations are adequate enough to nearly neutralize major acidic inorganic anions such as sulfate, nitrate, and chloride, leading to a higher aerosol pH. Higher relative availability of the stronger acidic component, sulfate, compared with the weaker acidic component, total nitrate (TNO3 = NO3− + HNO3), also contributes to the lower aerosol pH in the United States. As a response to higher aerosol pH, the higher nitrate to sulfate molar ratios in China indicates a nitrate-rich condition, further leading to higher aerosol water uptake which will continually promote nitrate aerosol formation. Considering the historical emissions trends, the difference in aerosol acidity between these two countries is expected to continue as SO2 and NOx emissions are further controlled. The differences in aerosol acidity highlight in the present study imply potential differences in formation mechanisms, physicochemical properties, and toxicity of aerosol particles between China and the United States.

Influence Temperatur of Pyrolisis Process on Production of Liquid Smoke from Candlenut Shell by Examining its Potensial Coumpound

The purpose of this research particularly to acknowledge characteristic of product pyrolysis at conditions that give best yield of liquid smoke products maximum resulted during pyrolisis process biomassa tempurung kemiri . This Research conducted on a fixed batch reactor made of metal plate with a thickness 3.0 mm. It carries 200 kgs in capacity. In this phase, the moisture of candlenut shells might be kept in 10 – 12.5 % wt. Process temperatur divariasikan pada suhu 350 °C, 450 °C, dan 550 °C . serta variasi waktu pyrolisa pada 15 , 30, 45 until 435 menute. Identifikasi product by GCMS at optium condition untuk mengetahui komponen senyawa pyrolisa yang dihasilkan.The result of the risecrch adalah The best process condition of liquid smoke maximum during pyrolisis of candlenut shell by using pyrolisis methode at time 3,5 hourss and Temperature 450 C. From this research conclussion can be described as followes The best process condition of liquid smoke maximum during pyrolisis of candlenut shell by using pyrolisis methode at time 210 menute and Temperature 450 0C and identification of products by using GCMS (GC Mass Spectrometry) at optimum condition at temperature 450 °C. and time pyrolisis 210 menute is showed that liquid smoke candle nut. Results of GC-MS analysis on liquid smoke of the hazelnut shell of the pyrolysis process at 350 0C obtained 10 components consisting of 2 acidic components, 2 components of the ketone group and the Aldehid, 3 components of the phenols, and 1 component of the Benze Zero. At the temperature of pyrolysis 450 0C obtained. 7 components consisting of 1 acidic component, 3 components of ketone and aldehydes, 2 components of the phenols, and 1 component of the formaldehyde class and at Suhupirolisis 550 0C obtained 12 components consisting of 3 components of the group Acids, 5 components of the ketone and aldehyde, 2 components of the phenols, and 2 components of the benzenol. The temperature effect that provides the best compound composition with the lowest amount of compound composition is the 7 components with the highest phenol level at 450 0C. There is no content of Benzo @ pyrine compound in the composition of liquid smoke shell of candlenut.

Synthesis of functionalized 1,2-dihydroisoquinolines via one-pot reactions of isoquinoline, alkyl propiolate, and thiazolidin-2,4-dione

The reactive zwitterionic intermediates, generated from addition of isoquinoline to alkyl propiolates, react with thiazolidin-2,4-dione to afford 3-[1-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)isoquinolin-2(1 H)-yl]acrylates in good yields. Using (Z)-5-arylidenethiazolidine-2,4-diones as the NH-acidic component leads to 3-{1-[( Z)-5-benzylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl] isoquinolin-2(1 H)-yl}acrylates in moderate to good yields in the absence of any catalysts under mild reaction conditions. The reaction between quinoline, ethyl propiolate, and thiazolidin-2,4-dione leads to ethyl 3-[2-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl) quinolin-1(2 H)-yl]acrylate.

Effect of Additives on the Activity of Nickel–Tungsten Sulfide Hydroconversion Catalysts Prepared In Situ from Oil-Soluble Precursors

The nickel–tungsten sulfide catalysts for the hydroconversion of hydrocarbons were prepared from oil-soluble nickel and tungsten precursor compounds in situ with the use of silica, alumina, titania, zeolite Y, and amorphous aluminosilicate as additives in a vacuum gas oil medium. It was found that the catalytic activity in hydrocracking depends on the concentration of acid sites in the resulting catalyst. With the use of oxide additives, the dispersion and the promoter ratio of the in situ formed sulfide particles increased in the order SiO2–Al2O3–TiO2. It was noted that the promoter ratio of sulfide particles obtained with the use of aluminosilicate additives depended on their porous structure peculiarities. The use of titanium dioxide as a catalytic system component made it possible to reach high activity in hydrocracking, hydrodearomatization, and hydrodesulfurization, which was comparable to that of a system based on zeolite Y, a highly acidic component.

Acetic acid in aged vinegar affects molecular targets for thrombus disease management

To elucidate the mechanism underlying the action of dietary vinegar on antithrombotic activity, acetic acid, the main acidic component of dietary vinegar, was used to determine antiplatelet and fibrinolytic activity.

Acute toxicity of vipoxin and its components: is the acidic component an “inhibitor” of PLA2 toxicity?

ABSTRACT Vipoxin is a heterodimeric neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the Bulgarian long-nosed viper Vipera ammodytes meridionalis. Vipoxin represents a noncovalent association of two subunits - a basic and toxic phospholipase A2 enzyme, and an acidic nonenzymatic component (vipoxin’s acidic component). It was postulated that the phospholipase A2 subunit was more toxic than the whole vipoxin complex and the function of the acidic component was to reduce the enzymatic and toxic activities of the basic phospholipase A2. In the present study, we report new data on the acute toxicity (LD50) of vipoxin and its individual separated components. Vipoxin LD50 (mice, i.p. and i.v.) values were found to be 0.7-1.2 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) and 0.9-1.3 mg/kg b.w. (i.v.). The established LD50 values for the separated pure phospholipase A2 subunit are higher - 10.0-13.0 mg/kg b.w (i.p.) and 2.2-3.0 mg/kg b.w. (i.v.), i.e. the individual phospholipase A2 subunit displays less toxic activity than vipoxin, contrary to the data published in the literature. The reconstituted vipoxin complex (obtained after preliminary incubation of pure separated phospholipase A2 and acidic component showed enzyme activity and toxicity comparable to that of the native vipoxin complex. Addition of acidic component to the phospholipase A2 subunit showed a positive effect on the enzymatic activity, reaching maximal enzyme reaction rate of acidic component to phospholipase A2 molar ratio of 0.8:1 on using 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy-benzoic acid as substrate. For the first time we showed that the acidic subunit was absolutely required for the toxic activity of vipoxin. Based on the obtained results, we assume that the function of the acidic component is to stabilize the neurotoxin’s quaternary structure, required for its toxic and enzymatic activities, similarly to the role of the acidic component of crotoxin.

On the Corrosion Behavior of Refined Bio-Oil during Rubbing Process

The corrosion behavior during friction of refined bio-oil by distillation process was evaluated by high frequency reciprocating test rig. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to investigate the morphology and active elements contents on the rubbed surface on steel disk. The chemical structures of the oils and the topography and surface roughness of the wear scar were also studied by FTIR and surface roughness tester as well, respectively. The experimental results showed that corrosion behavior of bio-oil was improved after refining since the wear depth was 3.75µm and the worn surface roughness was 0.172µm, while they were 12.5µm and 0.217µm before refining. It was concluded that corrosion degree of worn surface was decreased after the bio-oil was refined, which was ascribed to the decrease of the acidic component content after the refining process.