Virus et prophages dans les écosystèmes aquatiques

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Télesphore Sime-Ngando ◽  
Jonathan Colombet

In this review, available data on the structure (diversity, abundance, biomass) and functional imprints (bacteriolysis, lysogeny, gene transfers, regulation of prokaryotic diversity) of natural viruses in the context of food webs in aquatic microbial ecology, and the related biogeochemical cycles, are summarized. Viruses are the most abundant, and probably the most diverse, biological entities in aquatic ecosystems and in the biosphere (i.e., viriosphere). Aquatic viruses typically exceed 107particles/mL in mesotrophic conditions, the majority being represented by phages without tails and by tailed-phages such as members of the family Siphoviridae. Both types of phages have a small capsid and a small genome size, which is considered an evolutionary adaptation to planktonic life. Their contribution to microbial mortality is significant. There is strong evidence that phages exert a significant pressure on the community structure and diversity and on the diversification of potential hosts, mainly through two major pathways: biogeochemical catalysis from lysis products and horizontal gene transfers. In turn, phages are sensitive to environmental factors, both in terms of integrity and of infectivity. Some phages contain typical viral genes that code for biological functions of interest, such as photosynthesis. In general, development in viral ecology is a source of new knowledge for the scientific community in the domain of environmental sciences, but also in the context of evolutionary biology of living cellular organisms, the obligatory hosts for viruses. For example, the recent discovery of a giant virus that becomes ill through infection by another virus (i.e., a viriophage) is fuelling debate about whether viruses are alive. Finally, future research directions are identified in the context of general aquatic ecology, including ecological researches on cyanophages and other phytoplanktonic phages as a priority, primarily in freshwater lakes.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujing Liu ◽  
Jing Du ◽  
Yuan Li

Empirical evidence has accumulated showing that smartphone use at work has the double-edged sword impacts on work-related attitudes and behaviors, but little is known about how its effects transmit and spill over from the workplace to the family domain. Drawing upon compensatory ethics theory, we hypothesize positive associations of employees’ daily private smartphone use at work with their family role performance after work through feeling of guilt. Using an experience sampling methodology, we test our hypotheses in a sample of 101 employees who completed surveys across 10 consecutive workdays. Multilevel path analysis results showed that excessive smartphone use at work triggered experienced guilt, and had a positive indirect effect on family role performance via feeling of guilt. Furthermore, employees with high ability of emotion regulation can be better resolve own painful emotion by engaging in family role performance. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and propose future research directions are discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingbing Ge ◽  
Giovanna Campopiano

Purpose This paper aims to review the literature on knowledge management in the family business, addressing the research question as follows: “How is knowledge managed across generations in the family business?” This study synthesizes the literature, highlighting the role of multiple stakeholders who affect knowledge management along with the phases of the succession process. Stemming from these findings and embracing a practice-based view, this paper offers research directions to guide future contributions on knowledge construction in the family business. The purpose of this study is not only to conclude the previous research but also to provide insights for future research directions and to provide practical implications. Design/methodology/approach Through a systematic integrative literature review, this paper collects map and analytically examine 63 published peer-reviewed articles related to knowledge management in the family business from 39 academic journals. This paper applies a rigorous approach to identify the sample of articles, map descriptive information of the reviewed literature and map theoretical contributions according to a multi-stakeholder and multi-stage framework. Findings The sampled articles are analyzed according to a multi-stakeholder and multi-stage framework inspired by Daspit et al. (2016). This study identifies critical gaps emerging from the analysis, thus opening the way to future research directions. In particular, this paper prompts scholars to advance the understanding of family-related knowledge and to clarify the assumptions on knowledge in their research. Research limitations/implications This paper contributes to the debate on knowledge management in the family business, by systematizing the current literature. In addition, this study embraces a “knowledge from practice perspective” and offers research directions to guide future contributions on knowledge construction in family business succession and potential areas to further management research investigating the role of family-related knowledge. Practical implications are also provided to benefit family businesses, consultants and policymakers. Originality/value This study provides a systematic integrative literature review of the articles published on knowledge management in family business according to a multi-stakeholder and multi-stage framework. Moreover, it draws an agenda for future research advancing a “knowledge from a practice perspective” in the family business literature.


2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Flores Niemann

A review of the literature on stereotypes about Chicanas/os reveals that people of Mexican descent are perceived predominantly in derogatory terms, with the few positive terms primarily related to the centrality of the family for this ethnic community. This review also indicates that Chicanas/os themselves often endorse these stereotypes. However, the extant literature has not examined the counseling process in relation to consensual, social stereotypes of this ethnic group. This article serves to bridge that gap in the literature. Counselors are strongly encouraged to be cognizant of how stereotypes may affect Chicanas/os, especially in areas related to identity, risky behavior, stereotype threat, education, gender roles, and stigmatization. Counselors are encouraged to increase racial awareness as part of the mental health development of their Chicana/o clients. Counselors are particularly challenged to examine how their own conscious and unconscious stereotypes may affect the counselor-client relationship. Future research directions are also discussed.


Author(s):  
Maura McAdam ◽  
Eric Clinton ◽  
Clay Dibrell

The aim of this special issue is to enhance knowledge and understanding of the distinctive, paradoxical landscape of the family business. In particular, it investigates the strategies used by family businesses to manage such tensions and to navigate this landscape where numerous paradoxes relating to family businesses have been identified. Moores and Barrett provide an overview of this distinctive, paradoxical landscape, which comprised a systematic literature review of 203 items spanning an eighteen-year period. After a rigorous reviewing process, three papers were selected for inclusion in this special issue, namely, Radu-Lefebvre and Randerson; Helvert-Beugels, Flören and Nordqvist; and Discua Cruz, which accumulatively improve our understanding of the antecedents, consequences and dynamic processes of paradoxical tensions within a family business. Finally, future research directions which acknowledge the family businesses as ageless, mindful, intuitive, collaborative and paradoxical are provided.


2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chamu Sundaramurthy

Trust, a competitive advantage for family businesses in the early stages, often deteriorates as the firm grows, putting it under considerable risk. While sustaining trust within family businesses is a critical topic, we have limited understanding of this issue. Yet, the trust research within the organizational sciences provides considerable insight on this topic. Therefore, in this paper a model of sustaining trust is presented based on an integration of this trust literature with the family business literature. The basic premise of the model is that trust is dynamic and multiple dimensions of trust need to be developed through structures and processes to sustain interpersonal trust inherent in the early stages. Implications of the model and future research directions are outlined.


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