Following the state-owned enterprises: Chinese expatriate construction workers in Zambia

Chinese expatriate workers in Africa remain an under-researched and poorly understood group despite their large numbers. Based on data collected through interviews and participant observations during 2013 and 2014 among Chinese expatriate construction workers employed by a large-scale Chinese state-owned construction enterprise in Zambia, this article offers an analysis of their migration experience as it relates to the context of China’s growing economic involvement with Africa. This paper further argues that Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Africa function as transnational social organizations to promote Chinese expatriate workers’ migration to Africa and provide them social support and care when they experienced difficulties during their sojourn. In this way, the patron–client relationship was formed between Chinese SOEs and Chinese expatriate workers, paralleling the existing employment relationship.

Risk Information Management and Social Media Platforms: A Strategic Agility of Local Governments to Prevent the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study aims to analyze risk management information models, differences in information on social media, and local governments' strategic agility during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The method in this study uses qualitative content analysis and the Nvivo-12 Plus analysis tool. Based on data analysis, risk information through social media has not built a stronger client relationship between government and society. Information content uses videos, pictures, short news, the news itself, and news from other media. The local government's Facebook account's social media functions are divided into three categories: First, providing information related to the spread of the pandemic. Second, the reporting situation, this category conveys information about the condition of government activities, building personal branding in the form of assisting; this function can take the form of overcoming COVID-19 through the provision of disinfectants, use of sanitizers, and providing health education. Third, dialogue related communication, risks, health standards, and public services, as a campaign to be aware of the surrounding conditions. The implication is that strategic agility consisting of sensitivity, leadership unity, and resource fluidity is important.

Ethical Duty of a Lawyer to Defend His Client in a Criminal Case: Issues and Challenges in India

The fate of a criminal case to a large extent depends upon choosing the right lawyer. But the choice of a right lawyer requires some amount of experience and expertise, which a layman intending to hire a lawyer may not be equipped with. Even if the client has made a smart choice in identifying a right lawyer for him, the lawyer so identified might not be willing to accept a brief for the reasons best known to the lawyer. At times a peculiar situation may arise before the lawyer where the lawyer seeks to withdraw from representing the accused. There are various pitfalls to the client’s right from the stage of making a choice of a competent lawyer to defend the accused up to the end of the legal battle. The article deals with the professional ethics involved when a counsel accepts a brief or seeks to withdraw from representing an accused and terminate the advocate–client relationship.

Los Ludeña, regidores madrileños y familia hidalga principal de la Mancha Una relación clientelar de Miguel de Cervantes

In La Mancha region there is no record of any visit by Cervantes. The reiteration of literary references to two towns in Toledo’s La Mancha leads us to search the biography of Cervantes for connections with Quintanar de la Orden and El Toboso. I explore a line of research focusing on the years of his marriage (1584-1586). In the relaciones of 1586, there is a client relationship with Pedro de Ludeña, born in Madrid, and his godfather. The Ludeña family is also the main linage of noblemen in the town of Quintanar de la Orden during those years. For his part, in 1584, Cervantes made a deal with the attorney Ortega Rosa to process the publication of Laínez’s El Cancionero. At that time, Ortega Rosa was the representative of seventeen owners of windmills in El Toboso. Still in 1584, and after forty years of exile for murdering a member of the Ludeña family, the nobleman Cepeda returned to Quintanar de la Orden. At this point, there are biographical parallels with the Persiles plot. These data, together with the literary ones, allow to argue that Cervantes had a special knowledge of these two places: Quintanar de la Orden and El Toboso.

Engineering consultant-client relationship: Transactional versus collaborative approach

<p>The main focus of this study was the transactional and collaborative nature of the engineering consultant – client relationship. The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which each one of these approaches describes real life business relationships in the engineering consulting context. The study revealed that, in New Zealand, relationships between engineering consultants and their clients were mostly of a collaborative nature. However, collaborative trust-based relationships were held between individuals, not between companies. Even though clients and consultants also engage in transactional relationships, the extent of this type of relationship was significantly low. It was also found that confrontational relationships do not constitute a third framework to in understanding client-consultant relationships. This type of relationship corresponds to a circumstantial context that is more common in transactional scenarios than in collaborative ones. The decision on whether a relationship evolves depended on the client’s and consultant’s interests. Regardless of how a relationship started, whether it is a transactional or collaborative beginning, its evolution was determined by the levels of trust that were built up over time. The challenge for consulting companies lies in taking the personal relationship between consultants and their clients to a state in which the individual expertise sought by clients was transferred to the company brand. A collaborative approach had direct implications on other elements of the consulting business model such as value proposition, customers, costs and revenue. Similarly, collaborative relationships were the essence of the “key partners” element of a client’s business model. Due to the highly tailored nature of engineering consulting businesses in New Zealand, it is considered to be a type of business which is very difficult to scale. Only transactional relationships offer the option to take advantage of economies of scale as these are easier to fit into standardised procedures. It is therefore considered that collaborative relationships will not fit a business model based on economies of scale. The following recommendations are provided should either party want to nurture a collaborative relationship: • Both clients and consultants should see each other as equally powerful while working together, as power imbalances of any kind can have negative consequences for the results of consulting projects. It is also suggested to establish a clear division of roles and responsibilities as this is a critical success factor in consulting projects. • It is important that both client and consultant have as much shared input as possible during the scope of work definition. If there are any modifications to the scope of work during the project, these should be discussed with the stakeholders in order to ensure that the revised scope of work meets the expectations of both parties. • The interaction between parties during the problem solving process should be kept as open as possible to maximise the two-way flow of ideas. For clients, it is suggested to allocate as much time as possible to the technical discussion with the consultant. • If there are contracting teams involved in the negotiation process, it is important to differentiate their role from any existing relationship between individuals. • An idea is a network. Building up collaborative networks with people from different backgrounds creates the right environment for the formation of innovative ideas. It is highly recommended to use collaborative interaction as the start of a client-consultant dynamic to foster the creation of new ideas and solutions.</p>

Engineering consultant-client relationship: Transactional versus collaborative approach

<p>The main focus of this study was the transactional and collaborative nature of the engineering consultant – client relationship. The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which each one of these approaches describes real life business relationships in the engineering consulting context. The study revealed that, in New Zealand, relationships between engineering consultants and their clients were mostly of a collaborative nature. However, collaborative trust-based relationships were held between individuals, not between companies. Even though clients and consultants also engage in transactional relationships, the extent of this type of relationship was significantly low. It was also found that confrontational relationships do not constitute a third framework to in understanding client-consultant relationships. This type of relationship corresponds to a circumstantial context that is more common in transactional scenarios than in collaborative ones. The decision on whether a relationship evolves depended on the client’s and consultant’s interests. Regardless of how a relationship started, whether it is a transactional or collaborative beginning, its evolution was determined by the levels of trust that were built up over time. The challenge for consulting companies lies in taking the personal relationship between consultants and their clients to a state in which the individual expertise sought by clients was transferred to the company brand. A collaborative approach had direct implications on other elements of the consulting business model such as value proposition, customers, costs and revenue. Similarly, collaborative relationships were the essence of the “key partners” element of a client’s business model. Due to the highly tailored nature of engineering consulting businesses in New Zealand, it is considered to be a type of business which is very difficult to scale. Only transactional relationships offer the option to take advantage of economies of scale as these are easier to fit into standardised procedures. It is therefore considered that collaborative relationships will not fit a business model based on economies of scale. The following recommendations are provided should either party want to nurture a collaborative relationship: • Both clients and consultants should see each other as equally powerful while working together, as power imbalances of any kind can have negative consequences for the results of consulting projects. It is also suggested to establish a clear division of roles and responsibilities as this is a critical success factor in consulting projects. • It is important that both client and consultant have as much shared input as possible during the scope of work definition. If there are any modifications to the scope of work during the project, these should be discussed with the stakeholders in order to ensure that the revised scope of work meets the expectations of both parties. • The interaction between parties during the problem solving process should be kept as open as possible to maximise the two-way flow of ideas. For clients, it is suggested to allocate as much time as possible to the technical discussion with the consultant. • If there are contracting teams involved in the negotiation process, it is important to differentiate their role from any existing relationship between individuals. • An idea is a network. Building up collaborative networks with people from different backgrounds creates the right environment for the formation of innovative ideas. It is highly recommended to use collaborative interaction as the start of a client-consultant dynamic to foster the creation of new ideas and solutions.</p>

Disciplining Role of Auditor Tenure and Mandatory Auditor Rotation

This study addresses the international debate over whether the rotation of audit firms should be mandatory. Mandatory rotation rules have been adopted by the European Union, but these rules have not been established in the United States. Proponents of the policy believe that a long-tenure auditor-client relationship leads to the auditor building an excessive economic bond with the client which may then erode auditor independence. Motivated by this claim, I build a theoretical model that compares auditor incentives to issue independent reports under regimes with and without mandatory rotation. The model demonstrates conditions under which mandatory rotation could actually impair auditor independence, contrary to the popular view.

The Moment of Caring: a Manuscript for Reflection on Caring Moments in Nursing Practice

<p>The focus of this study was on understanding the caring nature of the nurse-client relationship as reflected in a story of nursing practice. The story was examined and understood using an interpretive approach which emerged over time and reflected the exploratory and intuitive nature of the work. The processes of reflection, immersion and crystallisation were used to generate an exploratory theoretical work on caring. The method was called 'The Hermeneutic Wave' because it focused on interpreting and understanding textual reflection of experience, and reflected the ebb and flow nature of the processes of interpretation used. These tidal processes involved moving out of the story to conceptualise what was occurring within the story from a general perspective, and then re-layering the conceptualisations back over the story to examine congruity and differences, and to uncover understanding and meaning of practice. These processes were repeated until 'The Moment of Caring: A Manuscript for Reflection on Caring Moments in Nursing Practice' emerged. The manuscript consists of four phases; Phase One - Readiness to Co-participate, where the nurse and client fulfil expected health related roles and their relationship is characterised as one of apartness where they are relating in regard to their distinct roles; Phase Two - In Relationship, where the nurse and client are in the process of moving from a relationship characterised by apartness to that of oneness where they relate as person-to-person; Phase Three - 'The Moment of Caring', where the nurse and client transcend relating from a position of apartness and relate as one; and Phase Four - Redefining Wholeness, where the nurse's and client's understanding of their shared experience results in growth in their beings, and where their relationship moves from oneness to apartness in response to this growth. The manuscript 'The Moment of Caring' provides nurses with a framework for reflection in as well as on nursing practice, offers an emerging exploratory approach to the development of theory from practice, and contributes to the growing body of knowledge of caring within nursing practice in New Zealand and internationally.</p>

The Moment of Caring: a Manuscript for Reflection on Caring Moments in Nursing Practice

<p>The focus of this study was on understanding the caring nature of the nurse-client relationship as reflected in a story of nursing practice. The story was examined and understood using an interpretive approach which emerged over time and reflected the exploratory and intuitive nature of the work. The processes of reflection, immersion and crystallisation were used to generate an exploratory theoretical work on caring. The method was called 'The Hermeneutic Wave' because it focused on interpreting and understanding textual reflection of experience, and reflected the ebb and flow nature of the processes of interpretation used. These tidal processes involved moving out of the story to conceptualise what was occurring within the story from a general perspective, and then re-layering the conceptualisations back over the story to examine congruity and differences, and to uncover understanding and meaning of practice. These processes were repeated until 'The Moment of Caring: A Manuscript for Reflection on Caring Moments in Nursing Practice' emerged. The manuscript consists of four phases; Phase One - Readiness to Co-participate, where the nurse and client fulfil expected health related roles and their relationship is characterised as one of apartness where they are relating in regard to their distinct roles; Phase Two - In Relationship, where the nurse and client are in the process of moving from a relationship characterised by apartness to that of oneness where they relate as person-to-person; Phase Three - 'The Moment of Caring', where the nurse and client transcend relating from a position of apartness and relate as one; and Phase Four - Redefining Wholeness, where the nurse's and client's understanding of their shared experience results in growth in their beings, and where their relationship moves from oneness to apartness in response to this growth. The manuscript 'The Moment of Caring' provides nurses with a framework for reflection in as well as on nursing practice, offers an emerging exploratory approach to the development of theory from practice, and contributes to the growing body of knowledge of caring within nursing practice in New Zealand and internationally.</p>

Midwives' Experiences of Working with Highly Anxious Childbearing Women

<p><b>Anxiety is a normal human phenomenon. It is fundamental to our survival as a species, allowing us to adjust and plan for the future and prompts us to seek help and security from others. High levels of anxiety during childbearing are associated with poor fetal development, behavioural/emotional problems in children and adolescents, prolonged labours, increased obstetric intervention, impaired lactogenesis and bonding problems.</b></p> <p>Working with highly anxious childbearing women can be a challenging experience for independent lead maternity care midwives. This qualitative investigation guided by the principles of feminist research examined four independent midwives experiences of working with highly anxious childbearing women. Data were collected by interview, and thematic analysis found three themes that encapsulated the experience. The resultant themes were of: 1) challenging partnerships, 2) making a difference and 3) realising own limitations.</p> <p>The midwives, while very committed to their highly anxious clients, experienced considerable stress while endeavouring to provide effective care. This stress is of concern to midwives and midwifery as it makes midwives vulnerable to burnout. Given the damage that high levels of unchecked anxiety have on childbearing women and their families, midwifery has to look for safe and effective ways to work with these women.</p> <p>Recommendations for practice are based around negotiating boundaries to the midwife-client relationship, increased help and support for midwives, especially clinical supervision, better midwifery education, and continuous professional development in relation to maternal mental health, and properly resourced and funded maternal mental health services.</p>